-- Table structure for table `def__danger`
--

CREATE TABLE `def__danger` (
  `id` bigint DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'For ordering',
  `danger` varchar(70) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL COMMENT 'the dangerousness rating',
  `description` varchar(500) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `symbol` varchar(50) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL,
  `color_code` varchar(50) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL,
  `color_background` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `color_text` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`danger`),
  UNIQUE KEY `id` (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 ROW_FORMAT=COMPACT;

--
-- Dumping data for table `def__danger`
--

INSERT INTO `def__danger` VALUES (30,'non-venomous','Snake is neither venomous nor a constrictor.','---','#2196F3','#90caf9','#000000'),(21,'non-venomous constrictor – considered harmless','up to 100 cm','','',NULL,NULL),(23,'non-venomous constrictor – dangerous ','>200, up to 400 cm','&#128013;&#128013;&#128013;','#2196F3','#90caf9','#000000'),(25,'non-venomous constrictor – extremely dangerous','> 600 cm','&#128013;&#128013;&#128013;&#128013;&#128013;','#2196F3','#b388ff','#000000'),(22,'non-venomous constrictor – potentially dangerous ','>100, up to 200 cm','&#128013;&#128013;','#2196F3','#90caf9','#000000'),(20,'non-venomous constrictor – unclear if dangerous','Size unknown.','&#128013;','#2196F3','#90caf9','#000000'),(24,'non-venomous constrictor – very dangerous ','>400, up to 600 cm','&#128013;&#128013;&#128013;&#128013;','#2196F3','#90caf9','#000000'),(0,'unclear, if venomous','Toxicity unclear. There is no information if this snake has fangs and toxic glands to inject venom into a bite victims body.','???','#E0E0E0','#eceff1','#000000'),(11,'venomous bite – considered harmless','No, or non-significant symptoms after a full bite possible. Symptoms like a mild local swelling may occur.','&#x1f480;','#9CCC65','#d4e157','#000000'),(13,'venomous bite – dangerous','Severe local or systemic symptoms may occur after a full bite. Depending on the nature of the venom long term a bite victim may suffer from irreversible disabilities. Fatalities are not likely, but always possible. ','&#x1f480;&#x1f480;&#x1f480;','#FF9800','#ffca28','#000000'),(15,'venomous bite – extremely dangerous','This snake is not only highly venomous, but it is notorious for killing most of its unfortunate human bite victims in a very short time.','&#x1f480;&#x1f480;&#x1f480;&#x1f480;&#x1f480;','#FF5722','#212121','#ffffff'),(12,'venomous bite – potentially dangerous','Moderate local symptoms after a full bite possible. Symptoms like a major swelling or local pain may occur, but no systemic envenomation or severe damage reported. ','&#x1f480;&#x1f480;','#FFEB3B','#ffee58','#000000'),(10,'venomous bite – unclear if dangerous','Snake has toxic gland and teeth/fangs that can break human skin. But the toxicity is unknown.','?&#x1f480;?','#E0E0E0','#eceff1','#000000'),(14,'venomous bite – very dangerous','Any bite of this snake has to be considered life-threatening! Like with all other venomous snakes, dry bites without envenomation and withour any symptoms are of course possible.','&#x1f480;&#x1f480;&#x1f480;&#x1f480;','#FF5722','#ff7043','#000000');

--
-- Table structure for table `def__dataquality`
--

CREATE TABLE `def__dataquality` (
  `id` bigint DEFAULT NULL,
  `dataquality` varchar(70) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL,
  `description` varchar(500) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `color` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `display_speciespage` text NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`dataquality`),
  UNIQUE KEY `id` (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 ROW_FORMAT=COMPACT;

--
-- Dumping data for table `def__dataquality`
--

INSERT INTO `def__dataquality` VALUES (1,'credible','Data deriving from a trustworthy source, ideally a peer-reviewed scientific paper.','#33cc33','YES'),(2,'educated guess','the data is not confirmed on individual species level but it seems reasonable after a careful check of closely related species ','#ffff00','YES'),(6,'implausible','Data that is not plausible and not credible.','#ff0000','NO'),(5,'questionable','Data where you have doubts about its applicability, but it\'s not proven wrong.','#ff9933','NO'),(3,'unconfirmed','Data that needs further confirmation from other sources.','#ffff00','YES'),(0,'unknown','The data quality is unknown.',NULL,'NO'),(4,'unspecific','Data that is not specific enough. E.g. \"live birth\" instead of \"ovoviviparous\".','','NO');

--
-- Table structure for table `def__dentition`
--

CREATE TABLE `def__dentition` (
  `dentition` varchar(70) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL,
  `description` varchar(500) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`dentition`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 ROW_FORMAT=COMPACT;

--
-- Dumping data for table `def__dentition`
--

INSERT INTO `def__dentition` VALUES ('front-fanged','This snake has fangs in the front of the mouth. All front fanged snakes can easily envenomate a human bite victim.'),('non-fanged','Snakes in this category have no distinct fangs. But they can still have teeth.'),('palatine-fanged','Fang in the palatine.'),('rear-fanged','This snake has fangs in the rear of the mouth. It depends on various factors if a rear-fanged snake can envenomate a human bite victim.');

--
-- Table structure for table `def__gland`
--

CREATE TABLE `def__gland` (
  `gland` varchar(70) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL,
  `description` varchar(500) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`gland`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 ROW_FORMAT=COMPACT;

--
-- Dumping data for table `def__gland`
--

INSERT INTO `def__gland` VALUES ('Duvernoy\'s gland','\"The Duvernoy\'s gland is a gland found in some [...] colubrid snakes. It is distinguished from the venom gland and is not found in viperids or elapids.\" (Source: Wikipedia)'),('none','Snake has no toxic glands.'),('poison gland','Snake has a poison gland.'),('venom gland','Snake has a venom gland.');

--
-- Table structure for table `def__injection`
--

CREATE TABLE `def__injection` (
  `injection` varchar(70) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL,
  `description` varchar(500) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`injection`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 ROW_FORMAT=COMPACT;

--
-- Dumping data for table `def__injection`
--

INSERT INTO `def__injection` VALUES ('IC','intracerebral injection'),('ICL','intracelomatic. An injection method used e.g. with bees.'),('IM','intramuscular'),('IN','ingestion = test animal eats tested substance'),('IP','intraperitoneal'),('IV ','intravenous injection'),('PA','parenteral = any route that is not enteral '),('SC ','subcutaneous'),('unknown','Route of exposure unknown.');

--
-- Table structure for table `def__language`
--

CREATE TABLE `def__language` (
  `language_code` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL COMMENT 'ISO 639_3 Standard (with some adjustments...)',
  `language` varchar(70) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL COMMENT 'ISO 639_3 Standard',
  `description` varchar(500) DEFAULT NULL,
  `shouldnotseeme` text NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`language_code`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 ROW_FORMAT=COMPACT;

--
-- Dumping data for table `def__language`
--

INSERT INTO `def__language` VALUES ('aaa','Ghotuo',NULL,''),('aab','Alumu-Tesu',NULL,''),('aac','Ari',NULL,''),('aad','Amal',NULL,''),('aae','Arbëreshë Albanian',NULL,''),('aaf','Aranadan',NULL,''),('aag','Ambrak',NULL,''),('aah','Abu\' Arapesh',NULL,''),('aai','Arifama-Miniafia',NULL,''),('aak','Ankave',NULL,''),('aal','Afade',NULL,''),('aan','Anambé',NULL,''),('aao','Algerian Saharan Arabic',NULL,''),('aap','Pará Arára',NULL,''),('aaq','Eastern Abnaki',NULL,''),('aar','Afar',NULL,''),('aas','Aasáx',NULL,''),('aat','Arvanitika Albanian',NULL,''),('aau','Abau',NULL,''),('aaw','Solong',NULL,''),('aax','Mandobo Atas',NULL,''),('aaz','Amarasi',NULL,''),('aba','Abé',NULL,''),('abb','Bankon',NULL,''),('abc','Ambala Ayta',NULL,''),('abd','Manide',NULL,''),('abe','Western Abnaki',NULL,''),('abf','Abai Sungai',NULL,''),('abg','Abaga',NULL,''),('abh','Tajiki Arabic',NULL,''),('abi','Abidji',NULL,''),('abj','Aka-Bea',NULL,''),('abk','Abkhazian',NULL,''),('abl','Lampung Nyo',NULL,''),('abm','Abanyom',NULL,''),('abn','Abua',NULL,''),('abo','Abon',NULL,''),('abp','Abellen Ayta',NULL,''),('abq','Abaza',NULL,''),('abr','Abron',NULL,''),('abs','Ambonese Malay',NULL,''),('abt','Ambulas',NULL,''),('abu','Abure',NULL,''),('abv','Baharna Arabic',NULL,''),('abw','Pal',NULL,''),('abx','Inabaknon',NULL,''),('aby','Aneme Wake',NULL,''),('abz','Abui',NULL,''),('aca','Achagua',NULL,''),('acb','Áncá',NULL,''),('acd','Gikyode',NULL,''),('ace','Achinese',NULL,''),('acf','Saint Lucian Creole French',NULL,''),('ach','Acoli',NULL,''),('aci','Aka-Cari',NULL,''),('ack','Aka-Kora',NULL,''),('acl','Akar-Bale',NULL,''),('acm','Mesopotamian Arabic',NULL,''),('acn','Achang',NULL,''),('acp','Eastern Acipa',NULL,''),('acq','Ta\'izzi-Adeni Arabic',NULL,''),('acr','Achi',NULL,''),('acs','Acroá',NULL,''),('act','Achterhoeks',NULL,''),('acu','Achuar-Shiwiar',NULL,''),('acv','Achumawi',NULL,''),('acw','Hijazi Arabic',NULL,''),('acx','Omani Arabic',NULL,''),('acy','Cypriot Arabic',NULL,''),('acz','Acheron',NULL,''),('ada','Adangme',NULL,''),('adb','Adabe',NULL,''),('add','Lidzonka',NULL,''),('ade','Adele',NULL,''),('adf','Dhofari Arabic',NULL,''),('adg','Andegerebinha',NULL,''),('adh','Adhola',NULL,''),('adi','Adi',NULL,''),('adj','Adioukrou',NULL,''),('adl','Galo',NULL,''),('adn','Adang',NULL,''),('ado','Abu',NULL,''),('adq','Adangbe',NULL,''),('adr','Adonara',NULL,''),('ads','Adamorobe Sign Language',NULL,''),('adt','Adnyamathanha',NULL,''),('adu','Aduge',NULL,''),('adw','Amundava',NULL,''),('adx','Amdo Tibetan',NULL,''),('ady','Adyghe',NULL,''),('adz','Adzera',NULL,''),('aea','Areba',NULL,''),('aeb','Tunisian Arabic',NULL,''),('aec','Saidi Arabic',NULL,''),('aed','Argentine Sign Language',NULL,''),('aee','Northeast Pashai',NULL,''),('aek','Haeke',NULL,''),('ael','Ambele',NULL,''),('aem','Arem',NULL,''),('aen','Armenian Sign Language',NULL,''),('aeq','Aer',NULL,''),('aer','Eastern Arrernte',NULL,''),('aes','Alsea',NULL,''),('aeu','Akeu',NULL,''),('aew','Ambakich',NULL,''),('aey','Amele',NULL,''),('aez','Aeka',NULL,''),('afb','Gulf Arabic',NULL,''),('afd','Andai',NULL,''),('afe','Putukwam',NULL,''),('afg','Afghan Sign Language',NULL,''),('afh','Afrihili',NULL,''),('afi','Akrukay',NULL,''),('afk','Nanubae',NULL,''),('afn','Defaka',NULL,''),('afo','Eloyi',NULL,''),('afp','Tapei',NULL,''),('afr','Afrikaans',NULL,''),('afs','Afro-Seminole Creole',NULL,''),('aft','Afitti',NULL,''),('afu','Awutu',NULL,''),('afz','Obokuitai',NULL,''),('aga','Aguano',NULL,''),('agb','Legbo',NULL,''),('agc','Agatu',NULL,''),('agd','Agarabi',NULL,''),('age','Angal',NULL,''),('agf','Arguni',NULL,''),('agg','Angor',NULL,''),('agh','Ngelima',NULL,''),('agi','Agariya',NULL,''),('agj','Argobba',NULL,''),('agk','Isarog Agta',NULL,''),('agl','Fembe',NULL,''),('agm','Angaataha',NULL,''),('agn','Agutaynen',NULL,''),('ago','Tainae',NULL,''),('agq','Aghem',NULL,''),('agr','Aguaruna',NULL,''),('ags','Esimbi',NULL,''),('agt','Central Cagayan Agta',NULL,''),('agu','Aguacateco',NULL,''),('agv','Remontado Dumagat',NULL,''),('agw','Kahua',NULL,''),('agx','Aghul',NULL,''),('agy','Southern Alta',NULL,''),('agz','Mt. Iriga Agta',NULL,''),('aha','Ahanta',NULL,''),('ahb','Axamb',NULL,''),('ahg','Qimant',NULL,''),('ahh','Aghu',NULL,''),('ahi','Tiagbamrin Aizi',NULL,''),('ahk','Akha',NULL,''),('ahl','Igo',NULL,''),('ahm','Mobumrin Aizi',NULL,''),('ahn','Àhàn',NULL,''),('aho','Ahom',NULL,''),('ahp','Aproumu Aizi',NULL,''),('ahr','Ahirani',NULL,''),('ahs','Ashe',NULL,''),('aht','Ahtena',NULL,''),('aia','Arosi',NULL,''),('aib','Ainu',NULL,'China'),('aic','Ainbai',NULL,''),('aid','Alngith',NULL,''),('aie','Amara',NULL,''),('aif','Agi',NULL,''),('aig','Antigua and Barbuda Creole English',NULL,''),('aih','Ai-Cham',NULL,''),('aii','Assyrian Neo-Aramaic',NULL,''),('aij','Lishanid Noshan',NULL,''),('aik','Ake',NULL,''),('ail','Aimele',NULL,''),('aim','Aimol',NULL,''),('ain','Ainu',NULL,'Japan'),('aio','Aiton',NULL,''),('aip','Burumakok',NULL,''),('aiq','Aimaq',NULL,''),('air','Airoran',NULL,''),('ais','Nataoran Amis',NULL,''),('ait','Arikem',NULL,''),('aiw','Aari',NULL,''),('aix','Aighon',NULL,''),('aiy','Ali',NULL,''),('aja','Aja',NULL,'South Sudan'),('ajg','Aja',NULL,'Benin'),('aji','Ajië',NULL,''),('ajn','Andajin',NULL,''),('ajp','South Levantine Arabic',NULL,''),('ajt','Judeo-Tunisian Arabic',NULL,''),('aju','Judeo-Moroccan Arabic',NULL,''),('ajw','Ajawa',NULL,''),('ajz','Amri Karbi',NULL,''),('aka','Akan',NULL,''),('akb','Batak Angkola',NULL,''),('akc','Mpur',NULL,''),('akd','Ukpet-Ehom',NULL,''),('ake','Akawaio',NULL,''),('akf','Akpa',NULL,''),('akg','Anakalangu',NULL,''),('akh','Angal Heneng',NULL,''),('aki','Aiome',NULL,''),('akj','Aka-Jeru',NULL,''),('akk','Akkadian',NULL,''),('akl','Aklanon',NULL,''),('akm','Aka-Bo',NULL,''),('ako','Akurio',NULL,''),('akp','Siwu',NULL,''),('akq','Ak',NULL,''),('akr','Araki',NULL,''),('aks','Akaselem',NULL,''),('akt','Akolet',NULL,''),('aku','Akum',NULL,''),('akv','Akhvakh',NULL,''),('akw','Akwa',NULL,''),('akx','Aka-Kede',NULL,''),('aky','Aka-Kol',NULL,''),('akz','Alabama',NULL,''),('ala','Alago',NULL,''),('alc','Qawasqar',NULL,''),('ald','Alladian',NULL,''),('ale','Aleut',NULL,''),('alf','Alege',NULL,''),('alh','Alawa',NULL,''),('ali','Amaimon',NULL,''),('alj','Alangan',NULL,''),('alk','Alak',NULL,''),('all','Allar',NULL,''),('alm','Amblong',NULL,''),('aln','Gheg Albanian',NULL,''),('alo','Larike-Wakasihu',NULL,''),('alp','Alune',NULL,''),('alq','Algonquin',NULL,''),('alr','Alutor',NULL,''),('als','Tosk Albanian',NULL,''),('alt','Southern Altai',NULL,''),('alu','\'Are\'are',NULL,''),('alw','Alaba-K’abeena',NULL,''),('alx','Amol',NULL,''),('aly','Alyawarr',NULL,''),('alz','Alur',NULL,''),('ama','Amanayé',NULL,''),('amb','Ambo',NULL,''),('amc','Amahuaca',NULL,''),('ame','Yanesha\'',NULL,''),('amf','Hamer-Banna',NULL,''),('amg','Amurdak',NULL,''),('amh','Amharic',NULL,''),('ami','Amis',NULL,''),('amj','Amdang',NULL,''),('amk','Ambai',NULL,''),('aml','War-Jaintia',NULL,''),('amm','Ama',NULL,'Papua New Guinea'),('amn','Amanab',NULL,''),('amo','Amo',NULL,''),('amp','Alamblak',NULL,''),('amq','Amahai',NULL,''),('amr','Amarakaeri',NULL,''),('ams','Southern Amami-Oshima',NULL,''),('amt','Amto',NULL,''),('amu','Guerrero Amuzgo',NULL,''),('amv','Ambelau',NULL,''),('amw','Western Neo-Aramaic',NULL,''),('amx','Anmatyerre',NULL,''),('amy','Ami',NULL,''),('amz','Atampaya',NULL,''),('ana','Andaqui',NULL,''),('anb','Andoa',NULL,''),('anc','Ngas',NULL,''),('and','Ansus',NULL,''),('ane','Xârâcùù',NULL,''),('anf','Animere',NULL,''),('ang','Old English',NULL,'ca. 450-1100'),('anh','Nend',NULL,''),('ani','Andi',NULL,''),('anj','Anor',NULL,''),('ank','Goemai',NULL,''),('anl','Anu-Hkongso Chin',NULL,''),('anm','Anal',NULL,''),('ann','Obolo',NULL,''),('ano','Andoque',NULL,''),('anp','Angika',NULL,''),('anq','Jarawa',NULL,'India'),('anr','Andh',NULL,''),('ans','Anserma',NULL,''),('ant','Antakarinya',NULL,''),('anu','Anuak',NULL,''),('anv','Denya',NULL,''),('anw','Anaang',NULL,''),('anx','Andra-Hus',NULL,''),('any','Anyin',NULL,''),('anz','Anem',NULL,''),('aoa','Angolar',NULL,''),('aob','Abom',NULL,''),('aoc','Pemon',NULL,''),('aod','Andarum',NULL,''),('aoe','Angal Enen',NULL,''),('aof','Bragat',NULL,''),('aog','Angoram',NULL,''),('aoh','Arma',NULL,''),('aoi','Anindilyakwa',NULL,''),('aoj','Mufian',NULL,''),('aok','Arhö',NULL,''),('aol','Alor',NULL,''),('aom','Ömie',NULL,''),('aon','Bumbita Arapesh',NULL,''),('aor','Aore',NULL,''),('aos','Taikat',NULL,''),('aot','Atong',NULL,'India'),('aou','A\'ou',NULL,''),('aox','Atorada',NULL,''),('aoz','Uab Meto',NULL,''),('apb','Sa\'a',NULL,''),('apc','North Levantine Arabic',NULL,''),('apd','Sudanese Arabic',NULL,''),('ape','Bukiyip',NULL,''),('apf','Pahanan Agta',NULL,''),('apg','Ampanang',NULL,''),('aph','Athpariya',NULL,''),('api','Apiaká',NULL,''),('apj','Jicarilla Apache',NULL,''),('apk','Kiowa Apache',NULL,''),('apl','Lipan Apache',NULL,''),('apm','Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache',NULL,''),('apn','Apinayé',NULL,''),('apo','Ambul',NULL,''),('app','Apma',NULL,''),('apq','A-Pucikwar',NULL,''),('apr','Arop-Lokep',NULL,''),('aps','Arop-Sissano',NULL,''),('apt','Apatani',NULL,''),('apu','Apurinã',NULL,''),('apv','Alapmunte',NULL,''),('apw','Western Apache',NULL,''),('apx','Aputai',NULL,''),('apy','Apalaí',NULL,''),('apz','Safeyoka',NULL,''),('aqc','Archi',NULL,''),('aqd','Ampari Dogon',NULL,''),('aqg','Arigidi',NULL,''),('aqm','Atohwaim',NULL,''),('aqn','Northern Alta',NULL,''),('aqp','Atakapa',NULL,''),('aqr','Arhâ',NULL,''),('aqt','Angaité',NULL,''),('aqz','Akuntsu',NULL,''),('ara','Arabic',NULL,''),('arb','Standard Arabic',NULL,''),('arc','Official Aramaic',NULL,'700-300 BCE'),('ard','Arabana',NULL,''),('are','Western Arrarnta',NULL,''),('arg','Aragonese',NULL,''),('arh','Arhuaco',NULL,''),('ari','Arikara',NULL,''),('arj','Arapaso',NULL,''),('ark','Arikapú',NULL,''),('arl','Arabela',NULL,''),('arn','Mapudungun',NULL,''),('aro','Araona',NULL,''),('arp','Arapaho',NULL,''),('arq','Algerian Arabic',NULL,''),('arr','Karo',NULL,'Brazil'),('ars','Najdi Arabic',NULL,''),('aru','Aruá',NULL,'Amazonas State'),('arv','Arbore',NULL,''),('arw','Arawak',NULL,''),('arx','Aruá',NULL,'Rodonia State'),('ary','Moroccan Arabic',NULL,''),('arz','Egyptian Arabic',NULL,''),('asa','Asu',NULL,'Tanzania'),('asb','Assiniboine',NULL,''),('asc','Casuarina Coast Asmat',NULL,''),('asd','Asas',NULL,''),('ase','American Sign Language',NULL,''),('asf','Auslan',NULL,''),('asg','Cishingini',NULL,''),('ash','Abishira',NULL,''),('asi','Buruwai',NULL,''),('asj','Sari',NULL,''),('ask','Ashkun',NULL,''),('asl','Asilulu',NULL,''),('asm','Assamese',NULL,''),('asn','Xingú Asuriní',NULL,''),('aso','Dano',NULL,''),('asp','Algerian Sign Language',NULL,''),('asq','Austrian Sign Language',NULL,''),('asr','Asuri',NULL,''),('ass','Ipulo',NULL,''),('ast','Asturian',NULL,''),('asu','Tocantins Asurini',NULL,''),('asv','Asoa',NULL,''),('asw','Australian Aborigines Sign Language',NULL,''),('asx','Muratayak',NULL,''),('asy','Yaosakor Asmat',NULL,''),('asz','As',NULL,''),('ata','Pele-Ata',NULL,''),('atb','Zaiwa',NULL,''),('atc','Atsahuaca',NULL,''),('atd','Ata Manobo',NULL,''),('ate','Atemble',NULL,''),('atg','Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe',NULL,''),('ati','Attié',NULL,''),('atj','Atikamekw',NULL,''),('atk','Ati',NULL,''),('atl','Mt. Iraya Agta',NULL,''),('atm','Ata',NULL,''),('atn','Ashtiani',NULL,''),('ato','Atong',NULL,'Cameroon'),('atp','Pudtol Atta',NULL,''),('atq','Aralle-Tabulahan',NULL,''),('atr','Waimiri-Atroari',NULL,''),('ats','Gros Ventre',NULL,''),('att','Pamplona Atta',NULL,''),('atu','Reel',NULL,''),('atv','Northern Altai',NULL,''),('atw','Atsugewi',NULL,''),('atx','Arutani',NULL,''),('aty','Aneityum',NULL,''),('atz','Arta',NULL,''),('aua','Asumboa',NULL,''),('aub','Alugu',NULL,''),('auc','Waorani',NULL,''),('aud','Anuta',NULL,''),('aug','Aguna',NULL,''),('auh','Aushi',NULL,''),('aui','Anuki',NULL,''),('auj','Awjilah',NULL,''),('auk','Heyo',NULL,''),('aul','Aulua',NULL,''),('aum','Asu',NULL,'Nigeria'),('aun','Molmo One',NULL,''),('auo','Auyokawa',NULL,''),('aup','Makayam',NULL,''),('auq','Anus',NULL,''),('aur','Aruek',NULL,''),('aut','Austral',NULL,''),('auu','Auye',NULL,''),('auw','Awyi',NULL,''),('aux','Aurá',NULL,''),('auy','Awiyaana',NULL,''),('auz','Uzbeki Arabic',NULL,''),('ava','Avaric',NULL,''),('avb','Avau',NULL,''),('avd','Alviri-Vidari',NULL,''),('ave','Avestan',NULL,''),('avi','Avikam',NULL,''),('avk','Kotava',NULL,''),('avl','Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic',NULL,''),('avm','Angkamuthi',NULL,''),('avn','Avatime',NULL,''),('avo','Agavotaguerra',NULL,''),('avs','Aushiri',NULL,''),('avt','Au',NULL,''),('avu','Avokaya',NULL,''),('avv','Avá-Canoeiro',NULL,''),('awa','Awadhi',NULL,''),('awb','Awa',NULL,'Papua New Guinea'),('awc','Cicipu',NULL,''),('awe','Awetí',NULL,''),('awg','Anguthimri',NULL,''),('awh','Awbono',NULL,''),('awi','Aekyom',NULL,''),('awk','Awabakal',NULL,''),('awm','Arawum',NULL,''),('awn','Awngi',NULL,''),('awo','Awak',NULL,''),('awr','Awera',NULL,''),('aws','South Awyu',NULL,''),('awt','Araweté',NULL,''),('awu','Central Awyu',NULL,''),('awv','Jair Awyu',NULL,''),('aww','Awun',NULL,''),('awx','Awara',NULL,''),('awy','Edera Awyu',NULL,''),('axb','Abipon',NULL,''),('axe','Ayerrerenge',NULL,''),('axg','Mato Grosso 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Mongo speakers reside in the north-west of the country over a large area inside the curve of the Congo River. Mongo is a tonal language.',''),('lom','Loma',NULL,'Liberia'),('lon','Malawi Lomwe',NULL,''),('loo','Lombo',NULL,''),('lop','Lopa',NULL,''),('loq','Lobala',NULL,''),('lor','Téén',NULL,''),('los','Loniu',NULL,''),('lot','Otuho',NULL,''),('lou','Louisiana Creole',NULL,''),('lov','Lopi',NULL,''),('low','Tampias Lobu',NULL,''),('lox','Loun',NULL,''),('loy','Loke',NULL,''),('loz','Lozi',NULL,''),('lpa','Lelepa',NULL,''),('lpe','Lepki',NULL,''),('lpn','Long Phuri Naga',NULL,''),('lpo','Lipo',NULL,''),('lpx','Lopit',NULL,''),('lra','Rara Bakati\'',NULL,''),('lrc','Northern Luri',NULL,''),('lre','Laurentian',NULL,''),('lrg','Laragia',NULL,''),('lri','Marachi',NULL,''),('lrk','Loarki',NULL,''),('lrl','Lari',NULL,''),('lrm','Marama',NULL,''),('lrn','Lorang',NULL,''),('lro','Laro',NULL,''),('lrr','Southern Yamphu',NULL,''),('lrt','Larantuka Malay',NULL,''),('lrv','Larevat',NULL,''),('lrz','Lemerig',NULL,''),('lsa','Lasgerdi',NULL,''),('lsd','Lishana 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Yupik',NULL,''),('ynl','Yangulam',NULL,''),('ynn','Yana',NULL,''),('yno','Yong',NULL,''),('ynq','Yendang',NULL,''),('yns','Yansi',NULL,''),('ynu','Yahuna',NULL,''),('yob','Yoba',NULL,''),('yog','Yogad',NULL,''),('yoi','Yonaguni',NULL,''),('yok','Yokuts',NULL,''),('yol','Yola',NULL,''),('yom','Yombe',NULL,''),('yon','Yongkom',NULL,''),('yor','Yoruba',NULL,''),('yot','Yotti',NULL,''),('yox','Yoron',NULL,''),('yoy','Yoy',NULL,''),('ypa','Phala',NULL,''),('ypb','Labo Phowa',NULL,''),('ypg','Phola',NULL,''),('yph','Phupha',NULL,''),('ypm','Phuma',NULL,''),('ypn','Ani Phowa',NULL,''),('ypo','Alo Phola',NULL,''),('ypp','Phupa',NULL,''),('ypz','Phuza',NULL,''),('yra','Yerakai',NULL,''),('yrb','Yareba',NULL,''),('yre','Yaouré',NULL,''),('yrk','Nenets',NULL,''),('yrl','Nhengatu',NULL,''),('yrm','Yirrk-Mel',NULL,''),('yrn','Yerong',NULL,''),('yro','Yaroamë',NULL,''),('yrs','Yarsun',NULL,''),('yrw','Yarawata',NULL,''),('yry','Yarluyandi',NULL,''),('ysc','Yassic',NULL,''),('ysd','Samatao',NULL,''),('ysg','Sonaga',NULL,''),('ysl','Yugoslavian Sign Language',NULL,''),('ysn','Sani',NULL,''),('yso','Nisi',NULL,'China'),('ysp','Southern Lolopo',NULL,''),('ysr','Sirenik Yupik',NULL,''),('yss','Yessan-Mayo',NULL,''),('ysy','Sanie',NULL,''),('yta','Talu',NULL,''),('ytl','Tanglang',NULL,''),('ytp','Thopho',NULL,''),('ytw','Yout Wam',NULL,''),('yty','Yatay',NULL,''),('yua','Yucateco',NULL,''),('yub','Yugambal',NULL,''),('yuc','Yuchi',NULL,''),('yud','Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic',NULL,''),('yue','Yue Chinese',NULL,''),('yuf','Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai',NULL,''),('yug','Yug',NULL,''),('yui','Yurutí',NULL,''),('yuj','Karkar-Yuri',NULL,''),('yuk','Yuki',NULL,''),('yul','Yulu',NULL,''),('yum','Quechan',NULL,''),('yun','Bena',NULL,'Nigeria'),('yup','Yukpa',NULL,''),('yuq','Yuqui',NULL,''),('yur','Yurok',NULL,''),('yut','Yopno',NULL,''),('yuw','Yau',NULL,'Morobe Province'),('yux','Southern Yukaghir',NULL,''),('yuy','East Yugur',NULL,''),('yuz','Yuracare',NULL,''),('yva','Yawa',NULL,''),('yvt','Yavitero',NULL,''),('ywa','Kalou',NULL,''),('ywg','Yinhawangka',NULL,''),('ywl','Western Lalu',NULL,''),('ywn','Yawanawa',NULL,''),('ywq','Wuding-Luquan Yi',NULL,''),('ywr','Yawuru',NULL,''),('ywt','Xishanba Lalo',NULL,''),('ywu','Wumeng Nasu',NULL,''),('yww','Yawarawarga',NULL,''),('yxa','Mayawali',NULL,''),('yxg','Yagara',NULL,''),('yxl','Yardliyawarra',NULL,''),('yxm','Yinwum',NULL,''),('yxu','Yuyu',NULL,''),('yxy','Yabula Yabula',NULL,''),('yyr','Yir Yoront',NULL,''),('yyu','Yau',NULL,'Sandaun Province'),('yyz','Ayizi',NULL,''),('yzg','E\'ma Buyang',NULL,''),('yzk','Zokhuo',NULL,''),('zaa','Sierra de Juárez Zapotec',NULL,''),('zab','Western Tlacolula Valley Zapotec',NULL,''),('zac','Ocotlán Zapotec',NULL,''),('zad','Cajonos Zapotec',NULL,''),('zae','Yareni Zapotec',NULL,''),('zaf','Ayoquesco Zapotec',NULL,''),('zag','Zaghawa',NULL,''),('zah','Zangwal',NULL,''),('zai','Isthmus Zapotec',NULL,''),('zaj','Zaramo',NULL,''),('zak','Zanaki',NULL,''),('zal','Zauzou',NULL,''),('zam','Miahuatlán Zapotec',NULL,''),('zao','Ozolotepec Zapotec',NULL,''),('zap','Zapotec',NULL,''),('zaq','Aloápam Zapotec',NULL,''),('zar','Rincón Zapotec',NULL,''),('zas','Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec',NULL,''),('zat','Tabaa Zapotec',NULL,''),('zau','Zangskari',NULL,''),('zav','Yatzachi Zapotec',NULL,''),('zaw','Mitla Zapotec',NULL,''),('zax','Xadani Zapotec',NULL,''),('zay','Zayse-Zergulla',NULL,''),('zaz','Zari',NULL,''),('zbc','Central Berawan',NULL,''),('zbe','East 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Malay',NULL,''),('zmj','Maridjabin',NULL,''),('zmk','Mandandanyi',NULL,''),('zml','Madngele',NULL,''),('zmm','Marimanindji',NULL,''),('zmn','Mbangwe',NULL,''),('zmo','Molo',NULL,''),('zmp','Mpuono',NULL,''),('zmq','Mituku',NULL,''),('zmr','Maranunggu',NULL,''),('zms','Mbesa',NULL,''),('zmt','Maringarr',NULL,''),('zmu','Muruwari',NULL,''),('zmv','Mbariman-Gudhinma',NULL,''),('zmw','Mbo',NULL,'Democratic Republic of Congo'),('zmx','Bomitaba',NULL,''),('zmy','Mariyedi',NULL,''),('zmz','Mbandja',NULL,''),('zna','Zan Gula',NULL,''),('zne','Zande',NULL,'individual language'),('zng','Mang',NULL,''),('znk','Manangkari',NULL,''),('zns','Mangas',NULL,''),('zoc','Copainalá Zoque',NULL,''),('zoh','Chimalapa Zoque',NULL,''),('zom','Zou',NULL,''),('zoo','Asunción Mixtepec Zapotec',NULL,''),('zoq','Tabasco Zoque',NULL,''),('zor','Rayón Zoque',NULL,''),('zos','Francisco León Zoque',NULL,''),('zpa','Lachiguiri Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpb','Yautepec Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpc','Choapan Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpd','Southeastern Ixtlán Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpe','Petapa Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpf','San Pedro Quiatoni Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpg','Guevea De Humboldt Zapotec',NULL,''),('zph','Totomachapan Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpi','Santa María Quiegolani Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpj','Quiavicuzas Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpk','Tlacolulita Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpl','Lachixío Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpm','Mixtepec Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpn','Santa Inés Yatzechi Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpo','Amatlán Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpp','El Alto Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpq','Zoogocho Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpr','Santiago Xanica Zapotec',NULL,''),('zps','Coatlán Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpt','San Vicente Coatlán Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpu','Yalálag Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpv','Chichicapan Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpw','Zaniza Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpx','San Baltazar Loxicha Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpy','Mazaltepec Zapotec',NULL,''),('zpz','Texmelucan Zapotec',NULL,''),('zqe','Qiubei Zhuang',NULL,''),('zra','Kara',NULL,'Korea'),('zrg','Mirgan',NULL,''),('zrn','Zerenkel',NULL,''),('zro','Záparo',NULL,''),('zrp','Zarphatic',NULL,''),('zrs','Mairasi',NULL,''),('zsa','Sarasira',NULL,''),('zsk','Kaskean',NULL,''),('zsl','Zambian Sign Language',NULL,''),('zsm','Standard Malay',NULL,''),('zsr','Southern Rincon Zapotec',NULL,''),('zsu','Sukurum',NULL,''),('zte','Elotepec Zapotec',NULL,''),('ztg','Xanaguía Zapotec',NULL,''),('ztl','Lapaguía-Guivini Zapotec',NULL,''),('ztm','San Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec',NULL,''),('ztn','Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec',NULL,''),('ztp','Loxicha Zapotec',NULL,''),('ztq','Quioquitani-Quierí Zapotec',NULL,''),('zts','Tilquiapan Zapotec',NULL,''),('ztt','Tejalapan Zapotec',NULL,''),('ztu','Güilá Zapotec',NULL,''),('ztx','Zaachila Zapotec',NULL,''),('zty','Yatee Zapotec',NULL,''),('zua','Zeem',NULL,''),('zuh','Tokano',NULL,''),('zul','Zulu',NULL,''),('zum','Kumzari',NULL,''),('zun','Zuni',NULL,''),('zuy','Zumaya',NULL,''),('zwa','Zay',NULL,''),('zxx','No linguistic content',NULL,''),('zyb','Yongbei Zhuang',NULL,''),('zyg','Yang Zhuang',NULL,''),('zyj','Youjiang Zhuang',NULL,''),('zyn','Yongnan Zhuang',NULL,''),('zyp','Zyphe Chin',NULL,''),('zza','Zaza',NULL,''),('zzj','Zuojiang Zhuang',NULL,'');

--
-- Table structure for table `def__lethaldose`
--

CREATE TABLE `def__lethaldose` (
  `lethaldose` varchar(30) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL,
  `description` varchar(500) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`lethaldose`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 ROW_FORMAT=COMPACT;

--
-- Dumping data for table `def__lethaldose`
--

INSERT INTO `def__lethaldose` VALUES ('LD','Lethal dose.'),('LD100','Lethal dose (LD100) is the amount of an injected substance that kills 100 percent of a test sample. It is expressed in mg/kg, or milligrams of substance per kilogram of body weight. '),('LD25','Lethal dose (LD25) is the amount of an injected substance that kills 25 percent of a test sample. It is expressed in mg/kg, or milligrams of substance per kilogram of body weight. '),('LD50','Lethal dose (LD50) is the amount of an injected substance that kills 50 percent of a test sample. It is expressed in mg/kg, or milligrams of substance per kilogram of body weight. '),('LDLo','The lowest lethal dose (LDLo) is the least amount of an injected substance that can produce death in in a give time.');

--
-- Table structure for table `def__main`
--

CREATE TABLE `def__main` (
  `main` tinyint NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`main`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

--
-- Dumping data for table `def__main`
--

INSERT INTO `def__main` VALUES (1);

--
-- Table structure for table `def__publication`
--

CREATE TABLE `def__publication` (
  `publication` varchar(70) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL,
  `description` varchar(500) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`publication`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 ROW_FORMAT=COMPACT;

--
-- Dumping data for table `def__publication`
--

INSERT INTO `def__publication` VALUES ('application','Any desktop, mobile or cloud application.'),('article','independent part of a publication'),('book','independent publication (ISBN)'),('booklet (or brochure)','Thin book,less than ~100 pages.'),('database','organized and searchable data collection'),('dissertation/thesis','a document submitted in support of candidatur for an academic degree'),('not published','the author has not yet published this data'),('scientific paper','published report describing original research results'),('unknown','type of publication unclear'),('website','collection of related web pages');

--
-- Table structure for table `def__pupil`
--

CREATE TABLE `def__pupil` (
  `pupil` varchar(70) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL,
  `description` varchar(1000) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL,
  `example` varchar(500) DEFAULT NULL,
  `synonym` varchar(200) DEFAULT NULL,
  `shouldnotseeme` text NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`pupil`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 ROW_FORMAT=COMPACT;

--
-- Dumping data for table `def__pupil`
--

INSERT INTO `def__pupil` VALUES ('(indistinguishable)','<figure class=\"figure\">\n<img src=\"../images/class-pupil-indistinguishable.svg\" class=\"img-fluid border\">\n</figure>\n<br>\nA dark iris makes it difficult to distinguish the pupil from its background in a live snake. The attribute <i>\"indistinguishable\"</i> is just additional information. The pupil shape has to be determined seperately.<br>\n<br>\nThis attribute is only visible in the pupil references of snakeDB. On all other pages, it is filtered out.\n','Bungarus caeruleus','\"hidden pupil\" (BRIAN BUSH, 2017)',''),('keyhole','<figure class=\"figure\">\n<img src=\"../images/class-pupil-keyhole.svg\" class=\"img-fluid border\">\n</figure> \n\nPupil shape typically resembles a keyhole with its intendations. There is great variation in this type of pupil. Intendations may for example be sometimes missing. This pupil constricts only in vertical direction.\n\n','Ahaetulla dispar','\"horizontal\"',''),('round','<figure class=\"figure\">\n<img src=\"../images/class-pupil-round.svg\" class=\"img-fluid border\">\n</figure> \n<br>\nThis pupil changes its size during constriction, but not its shape. <i>\"Constriction is equidistant from the centre around the pupil’s circumference\"</i> (BRIAN BUSH, 2017).','Dendroaspis polylepis','\"circular\"',''),('round-vertical-round','<figure class=\"figure\">\n<img src=\"../images/class-pupil-round-vertical-round.svg\" class=\"img-fluid border\">\n</figure> \n<br>\nPupil changes shape during constriction. It constricts horizontally and vertically. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4344.2.8\">The photos in Brian Bush\'s paper (FIGURE 4 & 6)</a> show this for <i>Suta fasciata</i> and <i>Suta punctata</i>. The shape of a semi-closed pupil may be elliptical, subelliptical, rhombic or oval. In all cases the orientation is vertically when semi-closed.','Suta fasciata','\"round\" (ambiguous),<br>\r\n\"vertical\" (ambiguous),<br> \r\n\"elliptic\" (ambiguous),<br>\r\n\"subelliptic\" (ambiguous),<br>\r\n\"subcircular\" (ambiguous),<br> \r\n\"wide elliptic\" (BRIAN BUSH, 2017)',''),('slit-lenticular-round','<figure class=\"figure\">\n<img src=\"../images/class-pupil-slit-vertical-round.svg\" class=\"img-fluid border\">\n</figure> \n<br>\nPupil shape changes during constriction. This pupil constricts usually predominantly in  horizontal direction. The geometrical shape of the semi-closed pupil can be best described as \"lenticular\". The commonly used term \"elliptical\" is simply wrong because it describes a shape that is rounded.<br>\n<br>\nNote: The slit eyes of a cat do change in both horizontal and vertical direction.','Vipera berus ','\"vertical\" (ambiguous),<br>\n\"elliptic\" (ambiguous),<br>\n\"narrow elliptic\" (BRIAN BUSH, 2017)',''),('teardrop-round','<figure class=\"figure\">\n<img src=\"../images/class-pupil-teardrop-round.svg\" class=\"img-fluid border\">\n</figure> \n<br>\nOne side of the pupil is round, the other is pointed. It constricts horizontally and vertically. ','Dispholidus typus','\"round (ambiguous)\",<br>\n\"subcircular\" (ambiguous),<br>\n\"subelliptical\" (CURCIO ET AL 2012),\n\"elongated\"\n','ToDo: Prüfen ob die bisher zugeordneten Spezies hier richtig klassifiziert sind.\r\n\r\n- Atractus flammigerus\r\n- Atractus latifrons\r\n- Atractus tamessari\r\n- Atractus tamessari\r\n- Tantalophis discolor\r\n- Tantilla hendersoni'),('vertical-round','<figure class=\"figure\">\n<img src=\"../images/class-pupil-vertical-round.svg\" class=\"img-fluid border\">\n</figure> \n<br>\nThis pupil is vertical when closed and semi-opened. But it is round when fully opened.<br><br>\nStudied with <i>Spalerosophis diadema</i>, a species known for its extreme degree of pupil constriction.','Spalerosophis diadema',NULL,'\"round\"\r\n\"vertical\"'),('vestigial eye/no pupil','	\n<figure class=\"figure\">\n<img src=\"../images/class-pupil-vestigial-eye.png\" class=\"img-fluid border\">\n</figure> \n<br>\nBlind snakes – like the depicted <i>Xerotyphlops vermicularis</i> – have vestigial eyes and no pupils. All other snake taxons do have distinct eyes and pupils.','Indotyphlops braminus',NULL,'');

--
-- Table structure for table `def__reference`
--

CREATE TABLE `def__reference` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT 'ID for PDFs (if PDF exists).',
  `reference` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL COMMENT 'Short title, short author, year.',
  `original_title` varchar(500) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'The unabridged original title.',
  `author` varchar(1000) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL COMMENT '= full names',
  `year` varchar(10) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL COMMENT 'of first publication',
  `abstract` varchar(10000) DEFAULT NULL,
  `publication` varchar(70) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'like book, article, website etc.',
  `publisher` varchar(300) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'e.g. Publishing house/University/Organization',
  `source` varchar(2000) DEFAULT '0' COMMENT 'e.g. periodical',
  `remark` varchar(200) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'source of information, like page number',
  `shouldnotseeme` varchar(200) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`reference`),
  UNIQUE KEY `title` (`reference`),
  UNIQUE KEY `ref_ID` (`id`),
  KEY `fk_ref_publication` (`publication`),
  CONSTRAINT `fk_ref_publication` FOREIGN KEY (`publication`) REFERENCES `def__publication` (`publication`) ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE CASCADE
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=371 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

--
-- Dumping data for table `def__reference`
--

INSERT INTO `def__reference` VALUES (232,'3D reconstruction of fang replacement in [...] Dendroaspis jamesoni [.] and Bitis arietans, NAG ET AL 2013','3D reconstruction of fang replacement in the venomous snakes Dendroaspis jamesoni (Elapidae) and Bitis arietans (Viperidae)','Zoltán T. Nag, Dominique Adriaens, Elin Pauwels, Luc Van Hoorebeke, Jos Kielgast, Chifundera Kusamba & Kate Jackson','2013','Venomous snakes use highly specialized teeth, so-called fangs, to kill living prey items. The evolution of these fangs and that of the associated venom-producing and -delivery system has been the subject of continuous research (e.g., Kochva 1978, Kardong 1982, Knight & Mindell 1994, Jackson 2003, Fry et al. 2008, Vonk et al. 2008). In addition to the evolutionary origin of tubular fangs, their ontogenetic formation has been studied as well (e.g., Tomes 1874, Bogert 1943, Klauber 1972, Lake & Trevor-Jones 1987, Lake & Trevor-Jones 1995, Jackson 2002). While our knowledge has significantly increased thanks to the integrated evaluation of palaeontological, morphological, physiological, molecular and other data, some details still remain unresolved. One such remaining problem concerns the timing and regulation of fang replacement, i.e., when and how a functional fang is replaced by a new fang. This topic has been briefly touched by Jackson (2007). Snakes replace their teeth, including the fangs, regularly and continuously, therefore there is always a number of replacement fangs posterior to the functional one. The maxilla typically has sockets for two fangs in lateral versus medial positions. At any given time, one would expect one fang to be solidly fused (ankylosed) to the socket and the other more or less loose and in the process of either attaching or being shed. However, as a functional safety factor, the phase when both fangs are ankylosed should overlap to some degree, avoiding a time window where both the replacement fang and the one in the process of being shed would not be fixed to the upper jaw. According to Klauber (1972), this period of overlap must be short, since two functional fangs on one side (i.e., both are firmly set in neighbouring sockets) are observed very infrequently. Here we report for the first time on the fang configuration at the stage around fang replacement, using CT-data with 3D visualisation. During our field expeditions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, two specimens of venomous snakes were found where ‘double fangs’ were visible on one side of the maxilla. We use this term to describe the stage during fang replacement when both fangs in both sockets are ‘out’ and clearly visible. However, we could not test whether the new fangs were fully functional, since the soft tissues and presence of venom in the venom canals were not examined.','scientific paper','Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde e.V. (DGHT)','SALAMANDRA 49(2) 109–113 30 June 2013 ISSN 0036-3375',NULL,NULL),(302,'A case of envenomation by the Madagascan colubrid snake, Leioheterodon modestus, MORI 2002','A case of envenomation by the Madagascan colubrid snake, Leioheterodon modestus.','Mori, A.','2002',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Snake 29:7-8.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(96,'A catalogue [...] of [...] Uropeltidae, PYRON ET AL 2016','A catalogue and systematic overview of the shield-tailed snakes (Serpentes: Uropeltidae)','Robert Alexander PYRON, Sumaithangi Rajagopalan GANESH, Amit SAYYED, Vivek SHARMA, Van WALLACH, Ruchira SOMAWEERA ','2016','We present a catalogue and systematic overview of Uropeltidae Müller, 1832 based on both new and previously published molecular and morphological data, and a new molecular phylogenetic analysis. We support the monophyly and distinctiveness of Brachyophidium Wall, 1921, Melanophidium Günther, 1864, Platyplectrurus Günther, 1868, Pseudoplectrurus Boulenger, 1890, and Teretrurus Beddome, 1886.  We move Uropeltis melanogaster (Gray, 1858), U. phillipsi (Nicholls, 1929), and Pseudotyphlops Schlegel, 1839 to Rhinophis Hemprich, 1820, and re-name Pseudotyphlops philippinus (Müller, 1832) as R. saf-fragamus (Kelaart, 1853), and U. smithi Gans, 1966 as U. grandis (Beddome, 1867).  anks to these changes, the taxonomy of all these genera is based on monophyletic entities. Diagnoses based on meristic and mensural characters for external and internal anatomy are provided for the family and all genera, and accounts are given for all currently recognized species, summarizing known morphological variation.  We note several taxa that continue to be of uncertain phylogenetic a  nity, and outline necessary future studies of variation in systematically valuable characters such as rostral and tail morphology. Cryptic variation is likely present in many species, and additional collection of specimens and DNA-sequence data will likely be needed to provide conclusive resolution for  remaining taxonomic issues. Numerous questions remain for the systematics of Uropeltidae, and we hope that this study will provide a platform for ongoing research into the group, including the description of cryptic species, clarifying the phyloge-netic placement of some remaining taxa, and quantifying the range of intra- and inter-speci c variation in crucial morphological characters.','article','Publications scientiﬁques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris.','urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BFFD82EF-50C9-42BF-8493-DF57591EA4FF','NOCH IMPORTIEREN',NULL),(190,'A Clinician’s Guide to Australian Venomous Bites and Stings, WHITE 2013','A Clinician’s Guide to Australian Venomous Bites and Stings','Julian White','2013','Bites and stings are a relatively common problem in Australia – the consequences of which can range from being minor, to death from systemic envenoming or anaphylaxis. Identifi cation of the culprit animal may be straightforward, but often it is quite obscure and challenging for the clinician. Determining the nature of the patient’s problems and the likely cause are vital steps in ensuring an optimal outcome. Some general principles must be applied to evaluate a patient for a possible bite or sting and for determining whether signifi cant envenoming has occurred. The fl owcharts on pages 16-18 relate to symptomatic patients and broadly assist in reaching a diagnosis, using history, examination, and laboratory tests (where appropriate).1 If the patient is asymptomatic, a history, examination, and probably laboratory investigations may still be required to establish the identity of the likely biting/stinging organism.1 Only a small number of cases of signifi cant envenoming occur each year, as the majority of patients presenting to hospital emergency departments with suspected bites/stings, do not develop envenoming.2-6 Hence, few clinicians have the opportunity to develop expertise in the management of envenomed patients. Clinicians are strongly advised to seek expert advice when managing a patient with envenoming.','book','bioCSL Pty Ltd.',NULL,NULL,NULL),(49,'A contribution to the herpetology of West Pakistan, MINTON JR 1966','A contribution to the herpetology of West Pakistan','Sherman A. Minton Jr.','1966','The present paper is a report on a collec-tion of approximately 1500 amphibians and reptiles from West Pakistan and an account of natural history observations made on the herpetofauna during a period of about four years. A definitive herpetology of the prov-ince must await more complete zoological exploration and the examination of larger and more representative collections.','book','Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History','Volume 134: Article 2, New York','NOCH IMPORTIEREN: Sehr gute und umfangreiche Datensammlung, viele Primärdaten!',NULL),(353,'A Fatal Attack [..] by Python sebae, BRANCH 1980','A Fatal Attack on a Young Boy by an African Rock Python Python sebae','W. R. Branch, W. D. Haacke','1980',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Journal of herpetology - July 1980, pp. 305–307',NULL,NULL),(202,'A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of [...] Belize, TUMULTY 2005','A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of the BFREE (Belize Foundation for Research and Environmental Education)','James Patrick Tumulty','2005',NULL,'book','James Patrick Tumulty',NULL,NULL,NULL),(203,'A Field Guide to the Native Fauna of the Onslow Region, ANONYMOUS 2015','A Field Guide to the Native Fauna of the Onslow Region','Anonymous (Wheatstone project)','2015','This field guide is part of a series of books created to inform personnel and visitors of the Chevron-operated Wheatstone Project about the diversity of wildlife in the Project area and the surrounding Onslow region. This book describes some of the most common fauna species in the area and some species of conservation significance. All wildlife on site is protected and must not be handled without a valid license or permit. If an injured or dead animal is encountered on site, the Chevron Australia Fauna Interaction Procedure or Fauna and Vehicle Interaction Response shall be followed. Enjoy reading about the fauna of the Onslow region and look out for additional books in the series.','book','Wheatstone Project',NULL,'No publication date given. Newest reference mentioned is from 2015, so probably published around that time.',NULL),(285,'A Field Guide to the Reptiles of South-East Asia, DAS 2010','A Field Guide to the Reptiles of South-East Asia','Indraneil DAS','2010','South-East Asia is one of the richest parts of the world in terms of reptiles. The first comprehensive guide to the reptiles of this region, \"A Field Guide to the Reptiles of South-East Asia\" covers all the reptiles recorded from mainland South-East Asia, from Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia to Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia, as well as the islands of the Great Sundas (including Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Bali). A detailed account with key identification characteristics, habitat and behaviour is included for each species, from crocodiles, tortoises and turtles, to lizards and snakes. Every recognized species is described, and 74 magnificent specially commissioned colour plates by top wildlife artists depict nearly 700 major species in meticulous detail. Where useful, details such as plastrons (for turtles and tortoises), juveniles, variants and head patterns are also shown on the plates.','book','New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd','ISBN-10: 1847733476 ISBN-13: 978-1847733474','NOCH IMPORTIEREN ',NULL),(16,'A Field Guide to the Snakes of South Vietnam, CAMPDEN-MAIN 1970','A Field Guide to the Snakes of South Vietnam','Simon M. Campden-Main','1970','Due to the current conflict in South Vietnam and the great number of American service men stationed in that country, it seems probable that a field guide to the Vietnamese species of snakes might prove useful to those in the field and particularly to members of the medical corps who might be faced with the task of judging the seriousness of a case of snake bite. It is further hoped that this work will stimulate an interest in the ophidian fauna of Vietnam, most of which is poorly known, and encourage those in the field to collect specimens for American museums.','book','Herpetological Search Service','','NOCH IMPORTIEREN',NULL),(204,'A Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Barrow Island, MORO & MACAULAY 2010','A Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Barrow Island','Dorian Moro, Isobel MacAulay','2010','Barrow Island hosts 43 species of terrestrial reptiles comprising dragons (three species), legless lizards (five species), geckos (five species), skinks (19 species), blind snakes (three species), monitors (three species), venomous and non-venomous snakes (five species) and one frog species. Most of these species, or their habitats, are widely distributed on Barrow Island.','book','Gorgon Project',NULL,NULL,NULL),(215,'A Guide to the Snakes of the Tanzania and Kenya borderlands, VESEY-FITZGERALD 1975','A Guide to the Snakes of the Tanzania and Kenya borderlands','Leslie Desmond Edward Foster VESEY-FITZGERALD','1975','This paper sets out to give an account of the common snakes of East Africa. Hopefully, it will stimulate an interest in these remarkable reptiles which should be respected, but not feared, and certainly not destroyed on sight without compassion, or comprehension of their extraordinary way of life. It is nearly 50 years since our Society published the first list of East African Snakes, Loveridge (1924). At that time, 54 genera containing 138 species were recorded from the four territories, Uganda, Kenya, Tanganyika and Zanzibar. The latest East African checklist records 55 genera and 125 full species, Loveridge (1957). As the distribution and geographical variation of the different species becomes better understood, it is expected that the number of species in each genus will be further reduced, although new subspecies may be discovered. I have selected, for my present account, the kinds of snakes likely to be seen in the more populated parts of the Kenya and Tanzania upland areas, including the most popular National Parks near the border of the two countries. These are, in effect, the common snakes of East Africa.','book','Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society and National Museum',NULL,'No. 149',NULL),(183,'A melanistic [.] Vipera berus neonate born from a cryptic female, STRUGARTU & ZAMFIRESCU 2009','A melanistic adder (Vipera berus) neonate born from a cryptic female: Are black vipers born heavier?','Alexandru STRUGARIU & Ştefan R. ZAMFIRESCU','2009','The ecological advantages and disadvantages of melanism in reptiles, especially in the adder (Vipera berus (L. 1758)), have been intensively studied over the years. General consideration would agree that, in most cases, adders which go on to become melanistic, are born cryptic, with a typical zigzag pattern, and darken with age, becoming black in the second or third year of life. In the present note we report the second known case in which a cryptic female adder gave birth to a melanistic neonate. Based on the fact that the observed body mass (7 g) of the melanistic neonate lies beyond the upper 95% confidence zone of the expected body mass (5.74g ± 0.977) calculated using the linear regression model from the cryptic neonates for a snout-vent length of 175 mm, and on the supporting literature, we propose a new hypothesis (which should be tested in future studies) according to which, melanistic adders may benefit of a significant higher fitness since birth.','scientific paper','North-Western Journal of Zoology','Vol. 5, No. 1, 2009, pp.218-223, Article No.: 051206',NULL,NULL),(141,'A new and threatened insular species of lancehead from southeastern Brazil, BARBO ET AL 2012','A NEW AND THREATENED INSULAR SPECIES OF LANCEHEAD FROM SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL','FAUSTO E. BARBO, FELIPE G. GRAZZIOTIN, IVAN SAZIMA, MARCIO MARTINS, AND RICARDO J. SAWAYA','2012','We describe a new species of Bothrops from Vit ´ oria Island, off the coast of Sa˜o Paulo, southeastern Brazil. The new species differs from the mainland coastal populations of B. jararaca mostly in its smaller and stouter body, number and form of scales, and hemipenial morphology. From B. insularis and B. alcatraz, both related species endemic to islands in southeastern Brazil, B. otavioi sp. nov. differs mainly in its body form and number of scales. The new species has the most common mitochondrial haplotype for mainland populations of B. jararaca, which is also found in B. alcatraz. A mitochondrial genealogy (gene tree) shows the new species nested within the northern clade of B. jararaca. This genealogical pattern can be explained by a recent speciation event for B. otavioi sp. nov. The isolation of insular species of Bothrops from continental ancestor populations are probably related to the same vicariant process, the oscillations of sea level during the Pleistocene. The new species feeds on small hylid frogs, and attains sexual maturity at 388 mm snout–vent length (SVL; males) and 692 mm SVL (females). Bothrops otavioi sp. nov. is endemic to Vit ´ oria Island, and should be listed as critically endangered because it is known from only a single area (an island), its geographic range covers less than 100 km2, and there is a projected continuing decline in the quality of its habitat because of increasing human settlement.','scientific paper','The Herpetologists’ League, Inc.','Herpetologica, 68(3), 2012, 418–429',NULL,NULL),(324,'A new black-bellied snake (Pseudoxyrhophiinae: Liophidium) from western Madagascar, with notes on the genus Pararhadinaea, FRANZEN ET AL 2009','A new black-bellied snake (Pseudoxyrhophiinae: Liophidium) from western Madagascar, with notes on the genus Pararhadinaea.','Franzen, Michael; Jones, Julia; Raselimanana, Achille P.; Nagy, Zoltán T.; D\'Cruze, Neil; Glaw, Frank; Vences, Miguel, ','2009',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Amphibia-Reptilia 30 (2): 173-183','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(314,'A new genus and species of snake from the Natal Drakensberg, South Africa, BOURQUIN 1991','A new genus and species of snake from the Natal Drakensberg, South Africa.','Bourquin, O.','1991',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Annals Transvaal Mus. 35 (12) 1991: 199-203','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(135,'A new long-tailed rattlesnake [.] from Guerrero, Mexico, CAMPBELL & FLORES-VILLELA 2008','A NEW LONG-TAILED RATTLESNAKE (VIPERIDAE) FROM GUERRERO, MEXICO','JONATHAN A. CAMPBELL AND OSCAR FLORES-VILLELA','2008','A distinctive new species of rattlesnake is described from the western versant of the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero, Mexico. This long-tailed rattlesnake cannot be confused with any other species of rattlesnake and is most similar to Crotalus stejnegeri and C. lannomi. The Guerrero species possesses a strikingly distinct color pattern and differs from all other rattlesnakes in aspects of lepidosis. Mexico continues to be the origin of newly discovered species that provide important insights into the evolution or ecology of particular groups. A few examples from recent decades include Exiliboa placata, a monotypic, relictual dwarf boa (Bogert, 1968), Rhadinophanes monticola, a monotypic, highland colubrid (Myers and Campbell, 1981), and Pseudoeurycea aquatica, the only aquatic bolitoglossine salamander (Wake and Campbell, 2001).','scientific paper','The Herpetologists’ League, Inc.','Herpetologica, 64(2), 2008, 246–257',NULL,NULL),(175,'A new montane rattlesnake [.] from Michoacan, Mexico, DIAZ & CAMPBELL 2004','A NEW MONTANE RATTLESNAKE (VIPERIDAE) FROM MICHOACAN, MEXICO','JAVIER ALVARADO-DIAZ AND JONATHAN A. CAMPBELL','2004','A new species of rattlesnake is described from the upper elevations of Cerro Tancítaro in Michoacán, in the western portion of the Transverse Volcanic Cordillera. This diminutive rattlesnake appears to be most closely related to several species also occurring at high elevations in Mexico and the southwestern United States including Crotalus intermedius, C. pricei, and C. transversus. The Tancítaro  species is most similar to C. transversus, but differs in aspects of lepidosis and color pattern.','scientific paper','The herpetologists\' league, Inc.','Herpetologica, 60(2), 2004, 281–286',NULL,NULL),(155,'A new record of Anomochilus leonardi [...] from Sabah, Northwestern Borneo, STUEBING & GOH 1993','A NEW RECORD OF LEONARD\'S PIPE SNAKE, ANOMOCHILUS LEONARDI SMITH (SERPENTES: UROPEL TIDAE: CYLINDROPHINAE) FROM SABAH, NORTHWESTERN BORNEO','Robert B. Stuebing and Raymond Goh','1993','The first known Bornean specimen of Leonard\'s Pipe Snake, AnomochiLus leonardi Smith, has been found in the collections of the Sabah Museum. It is also the first cylindrophine reported from Sabah. Scale counts most resemble the type specimen of A.Leonardi from Peninsular Malaysia, although the number of midbody sca','scientific paper','Zoology Unit, Sabah Museum, 88000 Kota Kinbalu, Sabah, Malaysia','Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 1993 41(2)',NULL,NULL),(337,'A new snake of the genus Hologerrhum [...] from Panay Island, Philippines, BROWN ET AL 2001','A new snake of the genus Hologerrhum Günther (Reptilia; Squamata; Colubridae) from Panay Island, Philippines. ','Brown, Rafe M., Alan E. Leviton, John W. Ferner and Rogelio V. Sison ','2001',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Asiatic Herpetological Research. 9:9-22','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(189,'A New Species of Centipede Snake in the Tantilla taeniata Group, TOWNSEND ET AL 2013','A New Species of Centipede Snake in the Tantilla taeniata Group (Squamata: Colubridae) from Premontane Rainforest in Refugio De Vida Silvestre Texı´guat, Honduras','JOSIAH H. TOWNSEND, LARRY DAVID WILSON, MELISSA MEDINA-FLORES, AND LUIS A. HERRERA-B.','2013','A new species of Tantilla is described from Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texı´guat in northern Honduras. The new species is allocated to the Tantilla taeniata group, which currently contains 20 of the 63 species in the genus, but it differs from all congeners on the basis of its dorsal body pattern and scutellation. The new species has a pale mid-dorsal stripe composed of narrow spots, confined to the mid-dorsal row, and a lateral coloration of pale spots on each of rows 1, 2, and 4 with dark brown pigment on the lateral edges of the ventrals. The new species appears to have no close affinities within the T. taeniata group. Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texı´guat is one of the most important cloud and premontane rain forest reserves in eastern nuclear Central America with respect to evolution, species endemism, and conservation. Nonetheless, areas of this reserve are seriously imperiled, especially on the leeward side due to continuing illegal logging and forest clearing for subsistence agriculture.','scientific paper','Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles','Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 47, No. 1, 191–200, 2013',NULL,NULL),(157,'A new species of Cylindrophis [...] from Sarawak , Western Borneo, STUEBING 1994','A new species of Cylindrophis (Serpentes: Cylindrophiidae) from Sarawak , Western Borneo','Robert Stuebing','1994','A new species of fossorial snake, Cylindrophis engkariensis, from the Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary in southwestern Sarawak, Borneo, is described. It differs from other members of the genus in its distinctive colour pattern and the unique number of mid-body scale rows.','unknown',' Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum','Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 1994 42(4): 967-973','',NULL),(236,'A new species of death adder (Acanthophis[...]) from north-western Australia, MADDOCK ET AL 2015','A new species of death adder (Acanthophis: Serpentes: Elapidae) from north-western Australia','Simon T. Maddock, Ryan J. Ellis, Paul Doughty, Lawrence A. Smith, Wolfgang Wüster','2015','Australian death adders (genus Acanthophis) are highly venomous snakes with conservative morphology and sit-and-wait predatory habits, with only moderate taxonomic diversity that nevertheless remains incompletely understood. Analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences and morphological characteristics of death adders in northern Australia reveal the existence of a new species from the Kimberley region of Western Australia and the Northern Territory, which we describe as Acanthophis cryptamydros sp. nov. Although populations from the Kimberley were previously considered conspecific with Northern Territory death adders of the A. rugosus complex, our mtDNA analysis indicates that its closest relatives are desert death adders, A. pyrrhus. We found that A. cryptamydros sp. nov. is distinct in both mtDNA and nDNA analysis, and possesses multiple morphological characteristics that allow it to be distinguished from all other Acanthophis species. This study further supports the Kimberley region as an area with high endemic biodiversity.','scientific paper','Magnolia Press','Zootaxa 4007 (3): 301–326: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.1',NULL,NULL),(322,'A new species of House Snake from Swaziland, with notes on the status of [...] Lamprophis and Boaedon, SCHAEFER 1970','A new species of House Snake from Swaziland, with notes on the status of the two Genera Lamprophis and Boaedon.','Schaefer, N. ','1970',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. (nat.Hist.) 8 (14): 205-208.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(3,'A new species of Indigo Snake [...]: Drymarchon [caudomaculatus], WÜSTER ET AL 2001 ','A new species of Indigo Snake from North-Western Venezuela (Serpentes: Colubridae: Drymarchon [caudomaculatus]) ','Wolfgang Wüster, José Luís Yrausquin, Abraham Mijares-Urrutia ','2001','We describe a new species of snake of the genus Drymarchon from Falcón State, north-western Venezuela. The distinctive nature of this species, compared to the two other South American mainland taxa of Drymarchon, is supported by principal components analysis of scalation and colour pattern characters. The taxa corais and melanurus, hitherto considered conspecific, are found to be highly distinct, but homogeneous throughout their considerable ranges; consequently, we consider melanurus to be a full species, separate from Drymarchon corais.','scientific paper','','Herpetological Journal, Vol. 11, pp. 157-165 (2001)','NOCH IMPORTIEREN: Tauchtiefen, Tauchdauern',NULL),(152,'A new species of insular pitviper of the genus Cryptelytrops, GRISMER ET AL 2008','A new species of insular pitviper of the genus Cryptelytrops (Squamata: Viperidae) from southern Vietnam','L. LEE GRISMER, NGO VAN TRI & JESSE L. GRISMER','2008','We describe a new species of pitviper Cryptelytrops honsonensis sp. nov. from Hon Son Island in Rach Gia Bay, Kien Giang Province of southern Vietnam based on it having unique aspects of scalation, body proportions, and color pattern. It is similar to C. venustus in morphology and color pattern and the putative close relationship between these species would corroborate a biogeographical link across southern Indochina seen in a number of other taxa. The presence of this newly discovered insular endemic in Rach Gia Bay and other insular endemics of Rach Gia Bay addressed herein, underscores the understudied nature of these islands and the need for their continued conservation.','scientific paper','Magnolia Press','Zootaxa 1715: 57–68 (2008)',NULL,NULL),(145,'A New Species of New Guinea Worm-Eating Snake, Genus Toxicocalamus, O\'SHEA ET AL 2015','A New Species of New Guinea Worm-Eating Snake, Genus Toxicocalamus (Serpentes: Elapidae), From the Star Mountains of Western Province, Papua New Guinea, With a Revised Dichotomous Key to the Genus','Mark O’Shea, Fred Parker, Hinrich Kaiser','2015','We describe a new species of New Guinea vermivorous snake (Toxicocalamus) from a single specimen collected at Wangbin in the Star Mountains, Western Province, Papua New Guinea. The new species is the largest known member of the genus and can be differentiated from all other Toxicocalamus by a combination of the following characters: large size (total length of the holotype 1,200 mm), dorsal head scutes in the typical “colubrid-elapid dorsal nine-scute arrangement”; separate, single preocular and paired postoculars; single anterior temporal and single or paired posterior temporals; six supralabials, with third and fourth supralabial contacting the orbit; dorsal scales in 15–15–15 rows; 203 ventral scales, 29 subcaudal scales; and a divided anal plate. Its erstwhile status, misidentified as Micropechis ikaheka in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, demonstrates the need for detailed examination of existing collections and is indicative of hidden diversity yet to be identified, not only in the field but also on the shelves of museum collections. We also provide a revised key to the genus Toxicocalamus.','scientific paper','Museum of Comparative Zoology','161(6):241-264. 2015',NULL,NULL),(150,'A new species of Pitviper of the genus Trimeresurus (Popeia), DAVID ET AL 2009','A new species of Pitviper of the genus Trimeresurus (Popeia) from northern Sumatra','Patrick David, Massimo Petri, Gernot Vogel & Giuliano Doria','2009','The complex of Trimeresurus (Popeia) popeiorum Smith was revised by Vogel et al. (2004). On the basis of univariate and multivariate analyses, six clusters of populations morphologically diagnosable were recognized. Five of these clusters were considered to be distinct species at the specific level following the Biological Species Concept (BSC) and the Phylogenetic Species Concept (PS C), namely Trimeresurus (Popeia) popeiorum Smith, 1937, barati Regenass & Kramer, 1981, sabahi Regenass & Kramer, 1981, nebularis David, Vogel & Pauwels, 2004 and fucatus Vogel, David & Pauwels, 2004. A population from northern Sumatra with 21 dorsal scale rows constituted the sixth cluster but could not be assigned to any species by Vogel et al. (2004). Subsequently, Grismer et al. (2006) described Popeia buniana from Pulau Tioman. The reasons why we refer all these species to the subgenus Popeia Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004 are explained in the Discussion.','scientific paper','','E stratto dagli Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “G. Doria”','',NULL),(297,'A New Species of Pseudoboodon [...] from the Central Highlands of Ethiopia, SPAWLS 2004','A New Species of Pseudoboodon (Reptilia: Serpentes) from the Central Highlands of Ethiopia; with notes on some other members of the genus.','Stephen Spawls','2004','A new highly distinctive species of Pseudoboodon is described from a single locality in the central highlands of Ethiopia. It is distinguished from its three congeners by differences in colour pattern, head shape and lepidosis. Some additional notes on other species of Pseudoboodon are provided.','scientific paper','','African Journal of Herpetology 53:13-19.','IMPORTED','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(235,'A new species of spitting cobra (Naja) from north-eastern Africa, WÜSTER & BROADLEY','A new species of spitting cobra (Naja) from north-eastern Africa (Serpentes: Elapidae)','Wolfgang Wüster, Donald G. Broadley','2003','A new species of spitting cobra Naja nubiae sp. nov. is described from north-eastern Africa. The distinctiveness of the new species is confirmed by multivariate analysis of pattern and scalation data. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences reveals the new species to be the sister taxon of N. pallida, but with considerable levels of sequence divergence relative to that species. The populations concerned had previously been assigned to N. pallida. The new species differs from N. pallida principally in having more than one dark band across the neck and under the throat, as well as a pair of spots under the throat. It occupies a disjunct range across Egypt, the Sudan, Chad, Niger and Eritrea, where it seems to occupy primarily relatively mesic habitats. Naja mossambica is more closely related to N. nigricollis than to N. pallida and the new species. A key to the African species of Naja is presented.','scientific paper','The Zoological Society of London','J. Zool., Lond. (2003) 259, 345–359, DOI:10.1017/S0952836902003333',NULL,NULL),(151,'A new species of viper from [...] Kazakhstan, TUNIYEV ET AL 2010','A new species of viper (Reptilia, Viperidae) from the Altay and Saur Mountains, Kazakhstan','Boris Tuniyev, Göran Nilson, and Claes Andrén','2010','A new species of genus Vipera (Reptilia: Viperidae) belonging to the subgenus Pelias based on several specimens from the Altay and Saur mountain region in eastern Kazakhstan is described. It is a small species belonging to the renardi lineage.','scientific paper','Folium Publishing Company','Russian Journal of Herpetology, January 2010','',NULL),(348,'A reliable size record for [...] Morelia amethistina, FEARN ET AL 2000','A reliable size record for [...] Morelia Amethistina [...] in [NE] Queensland, FEARN ET AL 2000','Simon Fearn, Joseph Sambono jnr.','2000','A wild caught adult female Morelia amethistina was recently examined and found to be 4900 mm SVL (snout to vent length) with a total length of 5651 mm (18 feet 7 inches). Mass was 24 kg. This is the largest snake ever reliably recorded in Australia and in the absence of verifiable data to lhe contrary, the authors suggest these dimensions represent the maximum size attained by Australian M. amethisiina.','article',NULL,'Herpetofauna 30 (1)',NULL,NULL),(339,'A review of Pseudoboodon [.] with the description of a new species from Southwest Ethiopia, RASMUSSEN ET AL 1992','A review of Pseudoboodon Perracca with the description of a new species from Southwest Ethiopia (Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Lycodontinae, Beadontini).','Rasmussen, J. B. and M. J. Largen. ','1992',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Steenstrupia 18:65-80.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(296,'A review of the dusky-bellied water snake, Lycodonomorphus laevissimus, RAW 1973','A review of the dusky-bellied water snake, Lycodonomorphus laevissimus (Günther), with descriptions of two new subspecies.','Raw, L.','1973',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Annals of the Natal Museum 21:713-718.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(304,'A review of the Madagascan snake genera Pseudoxyrhopus, Pararhadinaea, and Heteroliodon, RAXWORTHY & NUSSBAUM 1994','A review of the Madagascan snake genera Pseudoxyrhopus, Pararhadinaea, and Heteroliodon (Squamata: Colubridae).','Raxworthy, C. J. and R. A. Nussbaum.','1994',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology University of Michigan 182:1-37.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(340,'A review of the Philippine snakes of the genus Oxyrhabdium, LEVITON 1957','A review of the Philippine snakes of the genus Oxyrhabdium (Serpentes, Colubridae).','Leviton, A.E.','1957',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Wasmann Journal of Biology 15 (2): 285–303','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(263,'A review of the southern African ‘non‐spitting’ cobras, BROADLEY & WÜSTER 2004 ','A review of the southern African ‘non‐spitting’ cobras (Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja)','Donald G. Broadley & Wolfgang Wüster','2004','We analysed the systematics of the ‘non-spitting’ cobras of southern Africa, paying particular attention to the Naja annulifera complex. Multivariate morphometric analyses demonstrate that the taxa annulifera and anchietae are consistently distinct and homogenous over their respective ranges, and their distributions overlap in western Zimbabwe, with only limited intergradation. Sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene indicate that they are separated by considerable genetic distances. These results suggest that these two taxa are morphologically and genetically distinct evolutionary lineages, and should be considered as two separate evolutionary species, N. annulifera and N. anchietae.','scientific paper','African Journal of Herpetology','Donald G. Broadley & Wolfgang Wüster (2004) A review of the southern African ‘non‐spitting’ cobras (Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja), African Journal of Herpetology, 53:2, 101-122, DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2004.9635504','',NULL),(323,'A review of Whyte\'s Water-snake, Lycodonomorphus whytii, RASMUSSEN 2004','A review of Whyte\'s Water-snake, Lycodonomorphus whytii (Serpentes: Colubridae: Lamprophiinae).','Rasmussen, J. B. ','2004',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'African Journal of Herpetology, 53(2), 155-162.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(325,'A rhapsody of colours from Madagascar: discovery of a remarkable new snake of the genus Liophidium, VIEITES ET AL 2010','A rhapsody of colours from Madagascar: discovery of a remarkable new snake of the genus Liophidium and its phylogenetic relationships. ','Vieites, D. R., F. M. Ratsoavina, R.-D. Randrianiaina, Z. T. Nagy, F. Glaw & M. Vences ','2010',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Salamandra 46 (1): 1-10','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(130,'A Study of the Fangs of Russell\'s Viper (Vipera russellii), ERNST 1982','A Study of the Fangs of Russell\'s Viper (Vipera russellii)','Carl H. Ernst','1982','Fangs of 138 Vipera russellii were examined to determine the changes occurring during fang growth. Fang growth is closely correlated to increases in body and head length. Growth rates and changes in proportions of fangs are rather constant. Changes in such fang proportions as thickness, lengths of the entrance lumen, discharge orifice and points distal to discharge orifice are closely correlated with fang length. Vipera russellii fangs averaged 5.74 mm (1.5-13.0 mm) in length. Mean B/F was 99.92 (78.8-148.0) and mean H/F was 5.15 (3.4-8.9). In mean and maximum length V. russellii compares favorably with most pit vipers (Crotalinae) and ranks intermediate among the true vipers (Viperinae). There is no sexual dimorphism in fang lengths. Fang replacement patterns and rates are discussed.','scientific paper','Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles','Journal of Herpetology','Vol. 16, No. 1 , 67-71',NULL),(104,'Ability of Gamma Radiation to Detoxify [...] Naja Nigricollis Snake Venom, ABDOU ET AL 2015','Ability of Gamma Radiation to Detoxify Black-necked Spitting Cobra (Naja Nigricollis) Snake Venom','Fatma Y. Abdou, Ezz El Din El Denshary, Esmat A. Shaaban and Marwa A. Mohamed','2015','In the current study, the lethality as well as the immunological, biochemical and histological effects of Naja nigricollis (Black-necked spitting cobra) venom at a sublethal dose has been investigated before and after exposure to gamma radiation (1.5KGy and 3KGy). Data revealed that the toxicity of irradiated venom (1.5KGy & 3KGy) decreased as compared to that of the native one. The LD50 for native and gamma-irradiated (1.5KGy & 3KGy) Naja nigricollis venom was 0.440 mg/kg, 4.79 mg/kg and 5.38 mg/kg, respectively. Irradiation of the whole venom with (1.5kGy & 3kGy) reduced its lethality 10.8 and 12.22 times as compared to its native venom, respectively. The immunodiffusion technique showed same number of precipitin bands against polyvalent antivenin with the native and the two dose levels gamma-irradiated venoms. There was no change in the antigenic reactivity between both native and irradiated Naja nigricollis snake venom. As for the biochemical responses of Naja nigricollis venom, the effect of half LD50 of native or irradiated (1.5KGy) was studied on the activities of heart enzymes: CPK, CK-MB, LDH and AST after (1, 2, 4, 24 hours) of envenomation. The present study showed that snake venom envenomation caused significant (p ≤ 0.05) elevation in serum CPK, CK-MB, LDH and AST levels. In contrast, the 1.5KGy gamma-irradiated Naja nigricollis venom recorded no significant changes compared to that of the non envenomated normal rats. These results are in accordance with the histological findings of the heart that showed severe degeneration of the cardiac muscle with loss of striations and extensive haemorrhage inbetween the myocardial bundles. These results indicate that 1.5KGy gamma irradiation of venoms offer an effective method for reducing the chronic toxic effect of venom in immunized animals for preparing the best toxoids and vaccines, facilitating antisera production and extending the useful life of immunized animals.','scientific paper','International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications','International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 5, May 2015; ISSN 2250-3153 ','',NULL),(120,'Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, XUEBAO 1984','Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica','Yaoxue Xuebao','1984','','scientific paper','China International Book Trading Corp.','Pharmaceutical Journal, 19, 721','',NULL),(64,'Activities of Habu Snake Venom [...], OSAKE ET AL 1960','Haemorrhagic Activities of Habu Snake Venom, and their Relations to lethal Toxicity, Proteolytic Activities and other Pathologibal Activities ','A. Osaka, H. Ikezawa, H. Kondo, S. Kondo and N. Uchida','1960','The most striking effects produced by the parenteral injection into animals of many snake venoms, especially of Crotalidae venoms, are local, consisting of haemorrhage, necrosis, and oedema (van Heyningen, 1954; Slotta, 1955). Mitsu-hashi et al. (1959) reported that the pathological signs characteristic of Habu (Trimeresurus fiavoviridis) bite are haemorrhage and necrosis, and that necrosis is severest in areas rich in muscular tissue. Haemorrhage and necrosis are believed to be due, at least in part, to the action of proteolytic enzymes. Houssay (1930) and others (Kellaway, 1939; Zeller, 1948; Porges, 1953; van Heyningen, 1954; Kaiser and Michl, 1958; Maeno and Mitsuhashi, 1958) considered that proteolytic enzymes were mainly responsible for haemorrhage and necrosis at the site of the bites, while Slotta (1955) regarded t','scientific paper','National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan','From the Departments of Biochemistry, Serology and Pathology, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan','',NULL),(124,'Acutolysin C, a weak hemorrhagic toxin from the venom of Agkistrodon acutus, WEI ET AL 2011','Acutolysin C, a weak hemorrhagic toxin from the venom of Agkistrodon acutus with leucoagglutination activity','Wei CB, Chen J, Li JH','2011','Abstract: The properties and agglutination activity of acutolysin C, a hemorrhagic metalloproteinase obtained from Agkistrodon acutus venom, were studied herein. Acutolysin C is a basic glycoprotein consisting of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 23.1 kDa and pI 8.7, containing one Zn2+ and one Ca2 + per molecule. It possesses caseinolytic, weak lethal (LD50 = 7.6 mg/kg) and weak hemorrhagic (MHD = 12.0 μg) activities, but does not present fibrinolytic, fibrinogenolytic, arginine esterase and phospholipase A2  actions. In addition, it revealed agglutination activity on some animal lymphocytes, including five species of mammals, six of birds, three of reptiles and one of amphibians, but had no effect on lymphocytes from two species of reptiles, one amphibian and nine species of fish. It had no effects on the erythrocytes and platelets of all 26 animal species tested. Both leucoagglutination and caseinolytic activities were inhibited by EDTA; while cysteine, 2-mercaptoethanol, 1,4-dithiothreitol, glutathione, serum against acutolysin C and serum against homologous snake venom as well as glucose, sucrose, mannose, lactose and galactose had no effects on inhibition. The lowest concentration of acutolysin C that induced mouse lymphocyte agglutination was 2.5 μg/mL. Acutolysin C is an interesting substance since it is the first member of the hemorrhagin family to be shown to have leucoagglutination activity. Key words: Agkistrodon acutus, acutolysin C, hemorrhagin, leucoagglutination activity.','scientific paper','The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases','The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases ISSN 1678-9199 | 2011 | volume 17 | issue 1 | pages 34-41','NOCH IMPORTIEREN LD50',NULL),(234,'Additions to the Snake Fauna of Southern Laos, [...] Naja siamensis [...] and [...] Oligodon taeniatus, TEYNIÉ & DAVID 2007','Additions to the Snake Fauna of Southern Laos, with the second Laotian specimen of Naja siamensis (LAURENTI, 1768) and the first country record of Oligodon taeniatus (GÜNTHER, 1861) (SQUAMATA, SERPENTES)','Alexandre Teynié and Patrick David','2007','A small, recent collection of reptiles from Paksé and from Xépian National Biodiversity and Conservation Area, Champasak Province, southern Laos, contains the second Laotian specimen of the Indochinese spitting Cobra, Naja siamensis (Laurenti, 1768). This species was previously known from this country from a single specimen observed in Savannakhet Province, in the north of Central Laos. This second specimen, the first one to have been preserved for this country, is described in details. It shows a pattern slightly different from the first Laotian specimen. This new specimen confirms the occurrence of this medically important species in different parts of the Mekong valley. A juvenile specimen of Oligodon taeniatus (Günther, 1861) proves the first voucher specimen of this species recorded from Laos. Specimens previously cited from the Vientiane area as Oligodon taeniatus proved to belong either to Oligodon mouhoti (Boulenger, 1914) or to an unidentified taxon. The list of snake species known from Champasak Province is updated; it currently includes 37 snake species.','scientific paper','Folium Publishing Company','Russian Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2007, pp. 39 – 44','',NULL),(347,'an empirical study on Malagasy pseudoxyrhophiine snakes, RUANE ET AL 2015','Comparing species tree estimation with large anchored phylogenomic and small Sanger-sequenced molecular datasets: an empirical study on Malagasy pseudoxyrhophiine snakes','Ruane, S., C. J. Raxworthy, A. R. Lemmon, E. M. Lemmon, and F. T. Burbrink.','2015',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'BMC Evolutionary Biology 15.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(200,'An Identification Guide for North Texas Snakes, SMITH 2010 ','An Identification Guide for North Texas Snakes ','Michael Smith','2010','There are many species of snakes living in north Texas, and most of them are harmless. A few species are venomous, and even those tend to avoid contact with people if they can. However, north Texans are understandably concerned about safety when they encounter snakes. This guide is designed to help you identify whether a snake that you find might be one of the four basic kinds of venomous snakes of north Texas. By “north Texas,” we mean roughly the northeastern quarter of Texas, east of Palo Pinto and north of Hillsboro. This is a quick identification guide. For more information there are at least a couple of good sources to consult: \"Venomous Snakes of Texas: A Field Guide\", by Andrew Price, and \"Texas Snakes: A Field Guide\", by James Dixon and John Werler.','book','Michael Smith',NULL,NULL,NULL),(196,'An Overview of the Biology of the Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis), RODDA ET AL 1999','An Overview of the Biology of the Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis), a Costly Introduced Pest on Pacific Islands','Gordon H. Rodda, Thomas H. Fritts, Michael J. McCoid, Earl W. Campbell III','1999','The 20-30 species of the genus Boiga (Colubridae, Boiginae) range from tropical Africa through southern Asia to Melanesia and Australia (Leviton, 1968). Collectively, they are known as catsnakes, mangrove snakes, or treesnakes (Obst et al., 1988; Greene, 1989). The common name \"catsnakes\" is sometimes used for snakes in the genus Telescopus as well (Obst et 1, 1988). Members of the genus Boiga are nocturnal, oviparous, opisthoglyphic, euryphagic, and slender; they have vertical elliptical pupils (thus \"catn snakes) set in large eyes, and short, blunt heads that are noticeably larger than their necks. With one exception they are arboreal or semiarboreal (Obst et al., 1988), but they are found on the ground more frequently than some other arboreal snakes. Most inhabit forested areas, although the one terrestrial species, Boiga trigonata, ranges into the steppes of central Asia (Obst et al., 1988). Little is known about the catsnakes. Not much has been published about most species other than basic descriptions (Leviton, 1968) and scattered natural history notes (Woodward, 1960; Jones, 196 1; Rosevear, 1965). Boiga dendrophila is sold commonly as a pet and zoo animal; its venom and habits have been studied, as have those of several other species (especially B. cyanea and B. blandingfi, mostly in captivity (Barach, 1952; F. Groves, 1973; J. D. Groves, 1974; Burger, 1975; Sakai et al., 1984; R. D. Howard, 1984; C. J. Howard, 1987; Minton and Dunson, 1978). The gut contents of Boiga museum specimens were tabulated by Greene (1989) and Shine (1991). Intensive field studies of snakes of the genus Boiga have been conducted only on B. irregularis (> 100 papers).','scientific paper','Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center','USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. Paper 659.','',NULL),(256,'Andaman & Nicobar Snakes, GHODKET 2017','Andaman & Nicobar Snakes','Sameer Ghodket','2017','My fascination of the Islands began when I first read Romulus Whitaker\'s book, \'Common Indian Snakes, A Field Guide\'. The checklist contained some amazing snake species with most of them being found in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. After meeting Rom & Harry Andrews, I was disheartened to know that they had with them photos of only about 4-5 species & that very little to no work had been done on Island snakes. Inspired by Rom to work in the Islands & guided by Ashok Captain in taxonomy, began my journey 13 years back. From working among thousands of mosquitoes to crawling in waist deep mangrove mudflats, the work continues, a long way from completion!','website','Sameer Ghodket','http://www.andamannicobarsnakes.com','NOCH IMPORTIEREN',NULL),(42,'Anfibi e Rettili, CAPULA 2000','Anfibi e Rettili','Massimo Capula','2000','','book','','ASIN: B00AI7B36K','',NULL),(38,'Animal Toxins; a Collection of Papers [...], RUSSEL & SAUNDERS 1967','Animal Toxins; a Collection of Papers Presented at the International Symposium on Animal Toxins; 1st','Russell; F.E.; and P.R. Saunders; eds.','1967','','scientific paper','Pergamon Press Inc.','','249',NULL),(119,'Anti-Trimeresurus albolabris venom IgY antibodies, DUAN ET AL 2016','Anti-Trimeresurus albolabris venom IgY antibodies: preparation, purification and neutralization efficacy','Hai-long Duan , Qi-yi He , Bin Zhou , Wen-wen Wang , Bo Li , Ying-zheng Zhang , Qiu-ping Deng , Ying-feng Zhang and Xiao-dong Yu','2016','Background: Snakebite incidence in southwestern China is mainly attributed to one of the several venomous snakes found in the country, the white-lipped green pit viper Trimeresurus albolabris. Since antivenom produced from horses may cause numerous clinical side effects, the present study was conducted aiming to develop an alternative antivenom antibody (immunoglobulin Y - IgY) from leghorn chickens. Methods: IgY in egg yolk from white leghorn chicken previously injected with T. albolabris venom was extracted by water, precipitated by ammonium sulfate and purified by affinity chromatographic system. IgY was identified by SDS-PAGE, ELISA and Western blot, and its neutralizing assay was conducted on mice. Results: Chickens injected multiple times with T. albolabris venom elicited strong antibody responses, and from their egg yolk IgY was isolated and purified, which exhibited a single protein band on SDS-PAGE and two bands (about 65 and 35 kDa, respectively) under reduced conditions. Immunoblot analysis revealed that these IgY are polyclonal antibodies since they bind with most venom components. In the neutralizing assay, all mice survived while the ratios of IgY/venom reached up to 3.79 (50.0 mg/13.2 mg). Conclusions: IgY antibody response was successfully conducted in white leghorn chicken injected with T. albolabris venom. IgY against T. albolabris venom was obtained for the first time, and it exhibited strong neutralizing potency on mice. These results may lay a foundation for the development of IgY antivenom with clinical applications in the future. Keywords: IgY, Egg yolk, Snake venom, Trimeresurus albolabris, LD50','scientific paper','Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases','Duan et al. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases (2016) 22:23 DOI 10.1186/s40409-016-0078-3','',NULL),(86,'Antivenin to Neutralize the Toxicity of the Egyptian Cobra (Naja haje) Venom, SHABAN & HAFEZ','Ability of Gamma-Irradiated Polyvalent Antivenin to Neutralize the Toxicity of the Egyptian Cobra (Naja haje) Venom','Esmat A. Shaban and Manar N.  Hafez','2003','In this study, the lethality as well as the biochemical and histological effects of Cobra (Naja haje) envenomation at a sublethal dose has been investigated in mice and rats.          The venom injected intraperitoneally in rats (0.2 mg/kg) produced marked increase in the activities of ALT, AST, ALP and LDH. Also, serum glucose, urea and creatinine levels were significantly elevated. These results are in accordance with the histological findings of the liver that showed vacuolated hepatocytes and scattered necrotic and haemorrhagic areas together with congestion and dilatation of blood vessels and sinusoids. The spleen also displayed small diffuse white pulps with ill-defined outlines and extravasation of blood that extended to infiltrate the widened sinusoids. The venom also produced severe degeneration of the cardiac muscle with loss of striations and extensive haemorrhage inbetween the myocardial bundles.          These biochemical and histological envenomation disorders, were markedly and effectively neutralized by the polyantivenins (non-irradiated and gamma-irradiated in a sterilizing dose of 25 kGy). The neutralization ability of both antivenins was the same against a lethal dose of the venom (2.5 LD50). The minimal protective dose of the polyantivenins was calculated to be 16000 µg/20 gm mouse. Rats injected with mixtures of venom and antivenins (non-irradiated and irradiated) showed a decrease in all elevated biochemical parameters investigated. The histological examination also showed less severe injuries in all organs examined (liver, spleen and heart) which appeared more or less normal with very few abnormalities remaining.          Comparative study was also done on these antivenins using immunodiffusion technique which showed the same precipitin bands with the tested venom. Thus, it can be concluded that both antivenins (non irradiated and 25 KGy gamma-irradiated) have similar immunoglobulins and have no differences in their antilethal and enzymatic neutralizing ability as well as in ameliorating the degree of tissue damage induced by the venom.','scientific paper','The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine','The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol., 13 :135  – 152 , Dec 2003, I.S.S.N: 12084 1687-2002','',NULL),(345,'Aparallactus capensis (Smith, 1849) Envonmation, MARAIS 2010','Aparallactus capensis (Smith, 1849) Envonmation.','Marais, J.','2010',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'African Herp News (52): 8','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(260,'arkive.org (offline since 2019)','Wildscreen Arkive, www.arkive.org','Anonymous','2017','Wildscreen Arkive - the ultimate multimedia guide to the world\'s endangered species. Includes endangered species videos, photos, facts & education resources.','website','','Website offline since 2019','',NULL),(45,'Atlante degli Anfibi e dei Rettili d’Italia, BERNINI ET AL 2006','Atlante degli Anfibi e dei Rettili d’Italia / Atlas of Italian Amphibians and Reptiles','Franco Bernini, Giuliano Doria, Edoardo Razzetti, Roberto Sindaco','2006','Il volume raccoglie le informazioni sulla distribuzione, l’ecologia e lo stato di conservazione delle 37 specie di anfibi e delle 50 specie di rettili che vivono sul territorio politico italiano. Per ogni specie è fornita una carta di distribuzione, su reticolo cartografico UTM 10x10 km, basata su oltre 70.000 dati raccolti con la collaborazione di 900 segnalatori nell’ambito di un progetto atlante avviato nel 1994 dalla Societas Herpetologica Italica. Le schede, corredate da una ricca iconografia, sono articolate in paragrafi riguardanti la tassonomia, la distribuzione altitudinale, il periodo di attività nell’anno, la riproduzione e lo status delle popolazioni in Italia. Completano il volume alcuni capitoli su aspetti generali quali la biogeografia, la storia dell’erpetologia italiana, la paleoerpetologia, l’erpetofauna delle piccole isole','book','','','',NULL),(283,'Australia\'s dangerous snakes - Identification, Biology and Envenoming, MIRTSCHIN ET AL 2017 ','AUSTRALIA\'S DANGEROUS SNAKES - Identification, Biology and Envenoming','Peter Mirtschin, Arne Rasmussen, Scott Weinstein','2017','Australia’s venomous snakes are widely viewed as the world’s most deadly and are regarded with cautious curiosity, fascination and, regrettably, fear. Australia’s Dangerous Snakes examines the biology, natural history, venom properties and bite treatment of medically important venomous marine and terrestrial snakes. It contains comprehensive identification profiles for each species, supported by keys and photographs. In addition to their medical importance, the environmental roles of these snakes and the threats that are causing the decline of many of these reptiles are discussed. Drawing on the authors’ experience in the fields of herpetology, toxinology and clinical medicine, this book stimulates respect and admiration and dispels fear of Australia’s fascinating snakes. Australia’s Dangerous Snakes will provide hours of rewarding reading and valuable information for anyone interested in Australia’s unique wildlife and natural history, and will be an essential reference for herpetologists, toxinologists, physicians, zoo personnel and private snake collectors.','book','CSIRO Publishing ','ISBN: 9780643106741 ','PAPER MISSING',NULL),(136,'Australian Biodiversity Record, WELLS 2007','Australian Biodiversity Record','Richard W. Wells','2007','Some Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Considerations on the Class Reptilia in Australia. The Sea Snakes of Australia. An Introduction to the Members of the Families Hydrophiidae and Laticaudidae in Australia, with a New Familial and Generic Arrangement.','scientific paper','Australian Biodiversity Record','2007 (No 8) ISSN 1325-2992 May, 2007','DO NOT IMPORT: The quality of WELLS data is questionable (like HOSER)',NULL),(365,'Australian Reptile Park (reptilepark.com.au)','Australian Reptile Park','','2010-2024','The Australian Reptile Park is a hands-on, interactive zoo, based in Somersby on the beautiful NSW Central Coast in Australia. Being classed as sitting within the top 10 tourist destination to explore within Australia, the Central Coast is the place to be, with the Australian Reptile Park giving our visitors the chance to interact with native animals and catch exciting wildlife shows!\r\n\r\nOur rich and fascinating history began with the late and great Eric Worrell. What started with humble beginnings in 1958 has now grown into one of Australia’s premier tourist attractions.\r\n\r\nAs the only zoo in Australia committed to saving lives with a snake and spider venom milking programs, we’ve contributed to saving over 300 lives a year for the past 50 years. The venom that we produce is used to generate all land snake and funnel-web spider antivenom in Australia.','website',NULL,'Australian Reptile Park, Pacific Highway, Somersby, NSW, 2250',NULL,NULL),(90,'Australia’s Venomous Snakes: The Modern Myth or Are You A Man Or A Mouse?, BUSH 2004','Australia’s Venomous Snakes: The Modern Myth or Are You A Man Or A Mouse?','Brian Bush','2004','For too long we have been telling the world, as well as each other, that Australia’s snakes are the most venomous. On what evidence do we make this assumption? Solely on their ability to kill mice! What a joke!  The basis for the following discussion and points of view are personal experience, comments heard and questions asked during my time lecturing on venomous animals as well as a perusal of the relevant literature. I might just mention here that I have never lectured to mice!  I have heard it said many times by people I believe should know better that this or that Australian snake is ','article','Victorian Herpetological Society Inc','Monitor: Journal of the Victorian Herpetological Society Inc. 7(1):12-18: Reprint (updated Sept. \'04),','',NULL),(108,'Biochemistry and pharmacology of colubrid snake venoms, MACKESSY 2002','Biochemistry and pharmacology of colubrid snake venoms','Stephen P. Mackessy','2002','The polyphyletic family Colubridae contains approximately two-thirds of the described species of advanced snakes, and nearly half of these (700 species) produce a venom in a specialized cephalic gland, the Duvernoy’s gland. Biochemical and pharmacological information is lacking for venoms of most species, and modest detailed information on venom composition is available for only a few species which represent a potential health threat to humans. However, colubrid venoms represent a vast source of novel compounds, and some toxins, such as the 20–26 kD CRISP-related venom proteins (helveprins), have only recently been identified in both colubrid and elapid/viperid venoms. Difficulties associated with extraction have been ad-dressed, and it is now possible to obtain venom sufficient for many analyses from even small species. There appears to be a greater number of venom components shared among the col-ubrids and the front-fanged snakes than has been previously noted, and it is probable that as analytical methods improve, more similarities will emerge. It is clear that colubrid venoms are homologous with front-fanged snake venoms, but overall composition as well as biological role(s) of colubrid venoms may be quite different. Metallo- and serine proteases have been identified in several colubrid venoms, and phospholipase A2 is a more frequent component than has been previously recognized. Venom phosphodiesterase, acetylcholinesterase and prothrombin activator activities occur in some venoms, and postsynaptic neurotoxins and myotoxins have been partially characterized for venoms from several species. Some venoms show high toxicity toward inbred mice, and others are toxic to birds and/or frogs only. Because many colubrids feed on non-mammalian prey, lethal toxicity toward mice is likely only relevant as a measure of potential risk posed to humans. Development of a non-mam-malian vertebrate animal model would greatly facilitate sys-tematic comparisons of the pharmacology of colubrid venoms and their components, and such a model would be more ap-propriate for evaluation of colubrid venom toxicity. Proteomics has the potential to increase our understanding of these venoms rapidly, but classical approaches to toxinology can also con-tribute tremendously to this understudied field. As more colu-brid venoms are analyzed, new compounds unique to colubrid venoms will be identified, and this work in turn will lead to a better understanding of the evolution and biological significance of snake venoms and venom components.','scientific paper','Marcel Dekker, Inc.','J. TOXICOL.—TOXIN REVIEWS, 21(1&2), 43–83 (2002)','',NULL),(117,'Biological characteristics of the Bungarus candidus venom due to geographical variation, CHANHOME ET AL 2009','Biological characteristics of the Bungarus candidus venom due to geographical variation','L. Chanhome, O. Khow, S. Puempunpanich, V. Sitprija and N. Chaiyabutr','2009','The objective of this study was to compare the biological characteristics of the venom of the snake Bungarus candidus from three different localities of Thailand (wild-caught groups) and from a captiveborn group in aspects of the lethal toxicity, the enzymatic activities, and the molecular weight of protein components. All venom samples exhibited no significant differences in lethal toxicity and the enzymatic activities of phospholipase A2, protease, phosphodiesterase and hyaluronidase. Significant differences between the wild-caught groups and the captive-born group exhibited in the activities of acetylcholinesterase, L-amino acid oxidase and phosphomonoesterase. Among the wild-caught groups, the enzymatic activities revealed significant differences in acetylcholinesterase, phosphomonoesterase and hyaluronidase. All B. candidus venom groups exhibited high lethal toxicity, high activities of phospholipase A2, acetylcholinesterase and L-amino acid oxidase, moderate activities of hyaluronidase and phosphomonoesterase and low activities of phosphodiesterase and protease. The protein components revealed variation in SDS-PAGE pattern at the molecular weight in all groups in the range of 7.1 – 41.3 kDa.','scientific paper','Academic Journals','Journal of Cell and Animal Biology Vol. 3 (6), pp. 093-100, June, 2009 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JCAB ISSN 1996-0867 ','',NULL),(272,'Bissunfall bei einer Ringelnatterfütterung, TROBISCH & TROBISCH 2008','Bissunfall bei einer Ringelnatterfütterung','','2008','Beim Futtern zwei adulter Barrenringelnatterweibchen (Natrix natrix helveti-ca) mit toten Forellen kam es auf Grund von Futterneid zu Beißereien zwi- schen den beiden Tieren. Als ich versuchte, die Schlangen, die zu diesem Zeitpunkt 85 und 90 cm lang waren, voneinander zu trennen, biss jede von ihnen zeitgleich in je einen Finger, genauer gesagt in den Zeige- und in den Mittelfinger meiner rechten Hand.','article','elaphe','elaphe 16 (2008) Heft 2 (pp.59-61)','',NULL),(308,'Bite from an Amplorhinus multimaculatus at Umtali, BLAKE 1960','Bite from an Amplorhinus multimaculatus at Umtali.','Blake, D. K. ','1960',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'The Journal of the Herpetological Association of Rhodesia 9:17.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(88,'Brown Snakes (Pseudonaja Genus): Venom Yields, MASCI ET AL 1998','Brown Snakes (Pseudonaja Genus): Venom Yields, Prothrombin Activator Neutralization and Implications Affecting Antivenom Usage','P. P. MASCI, P. J. MIRTSCHIN, T. N. NIAS, R. K. TURNBULL, T. R. KUCHEL, A. N. WHITAKER','1998','The recent high prevalence of fatal bites by Brown snakes (Pseudonaja genus) has led to this study of venom yields from 66 brown snake milkings over 15 months. The amount of venom obtained from all species was higher than reported previously. Electrophoretic and Western blotting analyses of their venoms showed significantly lower avidity of Brown snake antivenom (BS-AV) for the prothrombin activator (PA) component (190 kD) than for other venom components, including the neurotoxins. The LD50 of P. inframacula has been determined for the first time.  SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and Western blotting studies have shown that the Pseudonaja venoms contained proportionately more PA component than venoms of the Taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) or the Fierce snake (O. microlepidotus). Neutralization of the prothrombin activator of the Common Brown snake (P. textilis) (Pt-PA) by BS-AV was found to be time dependent and 40% remained unneutralized after 30 minutes incubation.  Adult rats administered quantities of Pt-PA (IV) died with acute disseminated intravascular coagulation. Rats were made resistant to Pt-PA by preheparinization or by induction of tolerance to increasing quantities of Pt-PA. There is no evidence that Pt-PA has intrinsic toxicity apart from being a procoagulant. The improvement of BS-AV by addressing its deficiencies should be canvassed.','scientific paper','Anaesthesia and Intensive Care','Anaesth Intensive Care 1998; 26: 276-281; http://www.aaic.net.au','',NULL),(307,'Brygophis coulangesi (Domergue 1988) rediscovered in north-eastern Madagascar, ANDREONE & RAXWORTHY 1998','The colubrid snake Brygophis coulangesi (Domergue 1988) rediscovered in north-eastern Madagascar.','Andreone, F. and C. Raxworthy.','1998',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Tropical Zoology 11:249-257.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(277,'Burmese python: Massive snake refuses to die despite being shot in the head, DREWETT 2017','Burmese python: Massive snake refuses to die despite being shot in the head','Zoe DREWETT','2017','A massive snake as big as three men refused to die when hunters shot it in the head. The 16ft Burmese python stayed alive for 25 minutes after hunter Eric Bramblet pulled the trigger. The 24-year-old is paid to kill snakes in Florida, US, where the invasive species has no natural predators. The python’s appetite for native wildlife is even said to extend to Florida’s alligators. [...]  Eric and his fellow hunters are paid by the South Florida Water Management District to eliminate the pythons.','website','DMG','Metro.co.uk; http://metro.co.uk/2017/11/21/massive-snake-refuses-to-die-despite-being-shot-in-the-head-7096847/','',NULL),(51,'Calliophis [...]: A deﬁciency of venom cross-reactivity and neutralization [...], TAN ET AL 2016','Genus Calliophis of Asiatic coral snakes: A deﬁciency of venom cross-reactivity and neutralization against seven regional elapid antivenoms','Choo Hock Tan, Jia Lee Liew, Kae Yi Tan, Nget Hong Tan','2016','Venoms of Calliophis bivirgata and Calliophis intestinalis exhibited moderate binding activities toward Neuro Bivalent Antivenom (Taiwan) but not the other six elapid monovalent or bivalent antivenoms available in the region. All antivenoms failed to neutralize C. bivirgata venom lethality in mice. The ﬁndings indicate the need to validate antivenom cross-reactivity with in vivo cross-neutralization, and imply that distinct antigens of Calliophis venoms should be incorporated in the production of a pan-regional poly-speciﬁc antivenom.','scientific paper','Elsevier Ltd.','Toxicon 121 (2016) 130e133; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.09.003','NOCH IMPORTIEREN ',NULL),(317,'Case solved: presence of toxin-secreting oral glands in the lamprophiid snake Mimophis mahfalensis, ROSA ET AL 2014','Case solved: presence of toxin-secreting oral glands in the lamprophiid snake Mimophis mahfalensis (Grandidier, 1867) from Madagascar.','Rosa, G. M., Boistel, R., Campantico, E., Gillet, B., Bergo, P. E., & Andreone, F. ','2014',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Zoomorphology, 133(4), 417-423.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(315,'Catalogue of Colubrine snakes of the British Museum, GÜNTHER 1858','Catalogue of Colubrine snakes of the British Museum. ','Günther, A.','1858',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'London, I - XVI, 1 - 281','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(346,'Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum [...], BOULENGER 1896','Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum [...], BOULENGER 1896','Boulenger, G. A.','1896',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(243,'Central and South American pit vipers, DAVIDSON ET AL 1993','Central and South American pit vipers','Terence M. Davidson, Susan F. Schafer and James Moseman','1993','The clinically important venomous snakes of Central and South America are pit vipers, family Crotalidae (previously named Viperidae), and include the genera Bothrops, Crotalus and Lachesis. Eighty-five per cent of bites are inflicted by Bothrops, 10% by Crotalus, 1% by Lachesis and the remainder by other venomous serpents, primarily coral snakes of the family Elapidae. The clinical presentations and recommended treatments are similar for the South American pit vipers and are therefore included in this paper.','scientific paper','Chapman & Hall','Journal of Wilderness Medicine 4, 416-440 (1993)','NOCH IMPORTIEREN',NULL),(241,'Characterization of a hemorrhage-inducing component present in Bitis arietans venom, DE SOUZA ET AL 2015','Characterization of a hemorrhage-inducing component present in Bitis arietans venom','Tahís Louvain de Souza, Fábio C. Magnoli and Wilmar Dias da Silva','2015','Better characterization of individual snake venom toxins is useful for analyzing the association of their toxic domains and relevant antigenic epitopes. Here we analyzed the Bitis arietans hemorrhagic-inducing toxin present in a representative venom sample. Among the 1´ to 5´ protein peaks isolated using a Sephacryl S 100 HR chromatography column, hemorrhagic activity was expressed by all according to the following intensity, P´5 > P´3 > P´2 >, P´4. The proteins were recognized and measured with antibodies present in polyvalent horse F(ab)´2 anti-B. arietans, Bitis spp., Lachesis muta, B. atrox, Bothrops spp., Crotalus spp., and Naja spp. or in IgY anti-B. arietans and anti-Bitis spp. using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and western blotting. In addition, in an in vitro-in vivo assay these anti-venoms were able to block hemorrhagic-inducing activity. The evident cross-reactivity expressed by different specific anti-venoms indicates that metalloproteinases induce an immunological signature indicating the presence of similar antigenic epitopes for several snake venoms.  Key words: Snake venoms, anti-venoms, Bitis arietans, hemorrhage, metalloproteinases. ','scientific paper','African Journal of Biotechnology','Vol. 14(12), pp. 999-1008, 25 March, 2015  DOI: 10.5897/AJB2014.14319  Article Number: AF0A87151680 ISSN 1684-5315   Copyright © 2015 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB','NOCH IMPORTIEREN LD50 batch import, umrechnen',NULL),(85,'characterization of Naja kaouthia venom from North-East India, DAS ET AL 2013','Biochemical and biological characterization of Naja kaouthia venom from North-East India and its neutralization by polyvalent antivenom','Diganta Das, Nanjaraj Urs, Vilas Hiremath, Bannikuppe Sannanaik Vishwanath and Robin Doley','2013','This study describes biochemical and biological properties of Naja kaouthia (Indian monocled cobra) venom of North-East India. The LD50 of the crude venom was found to be 0.148mg/kg and neurotoxicitic symptoms like paralysis of lower limbs and heavy difﬁculty in breathing at sub-lethal dose in mice was observed. The venom exhibited PLA2, indirect hemolytic and myotoxic activities but showed weak proteolytic and low direct hemo-lytic activities. It did not exhibit any hemorrhage when injected intradermally to mice. Anticoagulant activity was prominent when recalciﬁcation, prothrombin and activated partial thrombinplastin time were tested on platelet poor plasma. Rotem analysis of whole citrated blood in presence of venom showed delay in coagula-tion time and clot formation time. Fibrinogen of whole citrated blood was depleted by venom when analyzed in Sonoclot. Crude venom at 10µg and after 16hr of incubation was found to degrade α chain of ﬁbrinogen.  Neutralization study showed that Indian polyvalent antivenom could neutralize some of the biochemical and biological activities as well as its ﬁbrinogenolytic activity.','scientific paper','The authors','SSN: 2044-0324 J Venom Res, 2013, Vol 4, 31-38','',NULL),(84,'Characterization of venom (Duvernoy\'s secretion) from twelve species of colubrid snakes, HILL & MACKESSY','Characterization of venom (Duvernoy\'s secretion) from twelve species of colubrid snakes and partial sequence of four venom proteins','Robert E. Hill, Stephen P. Mackessy','1999','Characterization of venom (Duvernoy\'s secretion) from twelve species of colubrid snakes and partial sequence of four venom proteins. Toxicon XX, xx±yy, 2000. Ð Venomous colubrids, which include more than 700 snake species worldwide, represent a vast potential source of novel biological compounds. The present study characterized venom (Duvernoy\'s gland secretion) collected from twelve species of opisthoglyphous (rear-fanged) colubrid snakes, an extremely diverse assemblage of non-venomous to highly venomous snakes. Most venoms displayed proteolytic activity (casein), though activity levels varied considerably. Low phosphodiesterase activity was detected in several venoms (Amphiesma stolata, Diadophis punctatus, Heterodon nasicus kennerlyi, H. n. nasicus and Thamnophis elegans vagrans ), and acetylcholinesterase was found in Boiga irregularis saliva and venom, but no venoms displayed hyaluronidase, thrombin-like or kallikrein-like activities. High phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity was found in Trimorphodon biscutatus lambda venom, and moderate levels were detected in Boiga dendrophila and D. p. regalis venoms as well as B. dendrophila and H. n. nasicus salivas. Non-reducing SDS± PAGE revealed 7±20 protein bands (3.5 to over 200 kD, depending on species) for all venoms analyzed, and electrophoretic pro®les of venoms were typically quite distinct from saliva pro®les. Components from A. stolata, Hydrodynastes gigas, Tantilla nigriceps and T. e. vagrans venoms showed protease activity when run on gelatin zymogram gels. N-termina protein sequences for three 26 kD venom components of three species (H. gigas, H. torquata, T. biscutatus ) and one 3.5 kD component (T. nigriceps ) were also obtained, and the 3.5 kD peptide showed apparent sequence homology with human vascular endothelial growth factor; these data represent the ®rst sequences of colubrid venom components. Protease, phosphodiesterase and PLA2 activities are also common to elapid and viperid snake venoms, but it is apparent that numerous other (as yet undescribed) components make up the majority of colubrid venom proteins. The complex nature of venoms produced by most species surveyed, and the high levels of protease or phospholipase A2 activity of some venoms, suggest that many colubrids could become an important source of human health concern as encounters with these snakes increase.','scientific paper','Elsevier Science Ltd.','Toxicon 38 (2000) 1663-1687','',NULL),(65,'characterization of venom from [...] Macrovipera mauritanica and Cerastes cerastes, OUKKACHE 2012','General characterization of venom from the Moroccan snakes Macrovipera mauritanica and Cerastes cerastes','Oukkache N, Lalaoui M, Ghalim N','2012','Ophidian envenomation accidents constitute a serious public health problem in many countries\r\naround the globe. Over 5 million such accident cases occur each year causing more than 100,000 deaths. In Africa, more than 20,000 deaths per year are registered while 400,000 envenomation victims retain severe and permanent functional sequelae. In Morocco, snakebites are frequent and of greater severity in children. They occur mostly in rural areas. The incidence of these bites remains poorly understood and vastly underestimated. The epidemiological data are not well known due to the absence of a national registry, whereas a significant proportion of envenomations receive only traditional treatment methods in nonmedical intensive care. This prompted us to investigate the enzymatic and biological properties of venom\r\nbiochemical constituents from two of the most dangerous snake venoms in Morocco: Cerastes cerastes (Cc) and Macrovipera mauritanica (Mm). Also, we studied the immune cross-reactivity of Cc and Mm venoms in comparison to that of another important dangerous Moroccan viper, Bitis arietans (Ba), to identify the best candidates (venom or a mixture of venoms) for producing the most efficient and protective antivenom. In the present study, we report a preliminary venom characterization of Cc and Mm and the cross-reactivity that may exist between their venoms and Ba. These venoms are known to be highly toxic and contain several proteins that differ by molecular weights. Interestingly, both Cc and Mm venoms are characterized by intense hemorrhagic and phospholipase A2  activities and their ability to degrade the α and γ chains of fibrinogen. They display very low proteolysis through the casein test. After injection into mice, Cc and Mm\r\ninduce myonecrosis in skeletal muscles, which most likely reflects direct action of myotoxins and indirect action of hemorrhagic molecules present in these venoms. In mice, this myonecrosis diminishes serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels. As expected, Cc venom is immunogenic and induces highly protective antivenom against Mm and Ba venom antigens. This protective capacity is similar to that of the antivenom produced against the Mm venom.','scientific paper','BioMed Central','The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases | ISSN 1678-9199 | 2012 | volume 18 | issue 4 | pages 411-420','',NULL),(218,'Characterization of venomous snakes of Thailand, CHANHOME ET AL 2011','Characterization of venomous snakes of Thailand','Lawan Chanhome, Merel Jack Cox, Taksa Vasaruchapong, Narongsak Chaiyabutr, Visith Sitprija','2011','Envenoming by snakebite is an important public health problem in rural tropics. Venomous snake families such as Elapidae and Viperidae frequently produce severe poisoning. Anti-venoms are not available for all venomous snakes of Thailand and there is need for more development in this field. Objective: We characterized the important venomous snakes’ distribution of Thailand. Method:Venomous snake species are described in details including their identification, range, and extraterritorial distribution. Result: Eighteen snake species of the family Elapidae are summarized in their characteristics and distribution. There are three species of Naja, one species of Ophiophagus, three species of Bungarus, four species of Calliophis, one species of Sinomicrurus, two species of Laticauda, and four species of subfamily Hydrophiinae. Fifteen snake species of the family Viperidae consisting of one species of subfamily Viperinae and fourteen species of subfamily Crotalinae are also discussed.','scientific paper','Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society','Asian Biomedicine Vol. 5 No. 3 June 2011; 311-328','NOCH IMPORTIEREN LD50 Calliophis',NULL),(237,'Chemical Toxicity Database \r\n(drugfuture.com/toxic)','Chemical Toxicity Database \r\n(drugfuture.com/toxic)','Anonymous','2017','','database','Drugfuture','http://www.drugfuture.com/toxic','',NULL),(211,'Clinical Management of Snakebite in Papua New Guinea, WILLIAMS ET AL 2004','Clinical Management of Snakebite in Papua New Guinea','David Williams, Dr. Simon Jensen, Dr. Kenneth D. Winkel','2004','Snakes are widely feared in Papua New Guinea, and with very good reason. In many parts of PNG snakebite is an almost daily occurrence and venomous snakebite is a serious public health problem, with localized incidence rates that are among the highest of any tropical region in the world. Medical and epidemiological studies of snakebite in different parts of the country have given us detailed snapshots of some of the outcomes of snakebite, and although there are still many gaps in our knowledge, there is a significant amount of factual data available.','scientific paper','Independent Publishing, Independent Group Limited',NULL,NULL,NULL),(113,'Coevolution of diet and prey-specific venom activity [...] in snake venom evolution, BARLOW ET AL 2009','Coevolution of diet and prey-specific venom activity supports the role of selection in snake venom evolution','Axel Barlow, Catharine E. Pook, Robert A. Harrison and Wolfgang Wüster','2009','The processes that drive the evolution of snake venom variability, particularly the role of diet, have been a topic of intense recent research interest. Here, we test whether extensive variation in venom composition in the medically important viper genus Echis is associated with shifts in diet. Examination of stomach and hindgut contents revealed extreme variation between the major clades of Echis in the proportion of arthropod prey consumed. The toxicity (median lethal dose, LD50) of representative Echis venoms to a natural scorpion prey species was found to be strongly associated with the degree of arthropod feeding. Mapping the results onto a novel Echis phylogeny generated from nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data revealed two independent instances of coevolution of venom toxicity and diet. Unlike venom LD50, the speed with which venoms incapacitated and killed scorpions was not associated with the degree of arthropod feeding. The prey-specific venom toxicity of arthropod-feeding Echis may thus be adaptive primarily by reducing venom expenditure. Overall, our results provide strong evidence that variation in snake venom composition results from adaptive evolution driven by natural selection for different diets, and underscores the need for a multi-faceted, integrative approach to the study of the causes of venom evolution.','scientific paper','The Royal Society','Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) 276, 2443–2449 doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0048','NOCH IMPORTIEREN Scorpion LD50',NULL),(199,'Common Indian Snakes – A Field Guide, WHITAKER 1978','Common Indian Snakes - A Field Guide','Romulus Whitaker','1978','This Book presents a held guide to the snakes of India. It is intended to create and further an interest in Indian snakes. It describes concisely thirty of the common species of Indian snakes, venomous and non venomous, and makes easy identification possible through clear photographs. The main text provides a key and an authoritative account of size, distribution, habits, habitat, food and status of each snake. The subsequent chapters discuss some of the general facts about snakes, symptoms and remedies of snakebite and sifttistics of snakebite. The book also includes a checklist of the snakes in India, a I ist of vem acu lar sn ake names, a rain fal I chart and a key to the identification of snakes.','book','MACMILLAN INDIA LIMITED',NULL,'First published 1978, reprinted in 1992',NULL),(224,'Common Terrestrial Venomous Snakes of Taiwan, MAO 1993','Common Terrestrial Venomous Snakes of Taiwan','Shou-hsian Mao','1993','People greatly fear venomous snakes, perhaps it is chiefly due to the fact that snakebites have often caused serious injury or death. It is now known that certain snake venoms contain as many as 50 different components, each having its own effect. However, the effect of one component may be modified by the presence of another. Thus, the already complex situation is further complicated by the interaction of the components. The characteristics of the important components in venom and the evolution of venom will be discussed. In order to reduce the possibility of snakebite, the best policy is to become familiar with venomous snakes. On this island, there exist six common terrestrial venomous snakes. The external features such as scale characteristics and color patterns of each species are described in detail and followed by several color photographs. The color photographs may be most helpful to students and of interest to general readers, as they are superior to pen drawings in that they better demonstrate the diagnostic characteristics of the species, thus enabling easier identification of any specimens seen later. In addition, the anatomy of several structures such as the lung and hemipenis are described, as are the habits, habitat, and distribution of each species. A description of the head muscles and biting mechanisms for elapids (cobras and allies) and viperids (asps and vipers) are included in the present treatise. When the student and general reader are fully aware of the biting mechanisms, they will easily understand how two characteristic types of bite patterns are produced when an accident occurs involving either of these two groups of snakes. The bite patterns produced by each of the six local species show tremendous variations; however, the patterns illustrated in this monograph represent the most common ones observed.','book','Pao-teh Han','','',NULL),(274,'Comparative histological studies on Duvernoy\'s gland of colubrid snakes, TAUB 1967','COMPARATIVE HISTOLOGICAL  STUDIES ON DUVERNOY’S  GLAND OF COLUBRID  SNAKES','Aaron M. TAUB','1967','THE SALIVARY GLANDS of about 180 species, rep-resenting some 120 genera, of snakes were examined histologically, those of 71 genera for the first time. The supralabial and glands of Duvernoy are described, and the intraspecific variation within these glands is summarized on the basis of a computer analysis. The patterns of the similarity matrices were compared with the phylogenetic schemes pro-posed by various authors for the Colubridae. The conclusions reached are as follows. There is a trend toward the reduction of cell height with the development of a large Duvernoy’s gland. Duvernoy’s glands in the Natricinae seem to be characterized by mucous cells. The Xenoderminae have a unique arrangement of the supralabial glands, with an alternation of serous- and mucous-cell cords along the supra-labial ridge. Duvernoy’s glands in the Homolopsinae form a gradually enlarging series, with the largest glands found in Enhydris. The variation of the histological pattern in the Duvernoy’s glands of the Colubridae clearly op-poses the view that the Boiginae (Dipsadomor-phinae of authors) are a natural group. The varia-tion of pattern within the Colubrinae and the Boiginae is so great and the overlap so complete that no difference can be seen in the labial glands of the Colubridae that would support the separa-tion of the Boiginae from the Colubridae in respect to this character. The gland in Dispholidus typus is different from the other colubrid glands examined and can be readily differentiated from all other glands.','scientific paper','AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY','BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 138, article 1, pages 1-50, text figures 1-5, plates 1-8, tables 1-3 Issued October 25, 1967','NOCH IMPORTIEREN, Rücksprache ANDREW, Duvernoy\'s gland, citet in Ref 000266!',NULL),(230,'Comparative Studies of the Venom of a New Taipan Species, Oxyuranus temporalis, BARBER ET AL 2014','Comparative Studies of the Venom of a New Taipan Species, Oxyuranus temporalis, with Other Members of Its Genus','Carmel M. Barber, Frank Madaras, Richard K. Turnbull, Terry Morley, Nathan Dunstan, Luke Allen, Tim Kuchel, Peter Mirtschin, Wayne C. Hodgson','2014','Taipans are highly venomous Australo-Papuan elapids. A new species of taipan, the Western Desert Taipan (Oxyuranus temporalis), has been discovered with two specimens housed in captivity at the Adelaide Zoo. This study is the first investigation of O. temporalis venom and seeks to characterise and compare the neurotoxicity, lethality and biochemical properties of O. temporalis venom with other taipan venoms. Analysis of O. temporalis venom using size-exclusion and reverse-phase HPLC indicated a markedly simplified “profile” compared to other taipan venoms. SDS-PAGE and agarose gel electrophoresis analysis also indicated a relatively simple composition. Murine LD50 studies showed that O. temporalis venom is less lethal than O. microlepidotus venom. Venoms were tested in vitro, using the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation. Based on t90 values, O. temporalis venom is highly neurotoxic abolishing indirect twitches far more rapidly than other taipan venoms. O. temporalis venom also abolished responses to exogenous acetylcholine and carbachol, indicating the presence of postsynaptic neurotoxins. Prior administration of CSL Taipan antivenom (CSL Limited) neutralised the inhibitory effects of all taipan venoms. The results of this study suggest that the venom of the O. temporalis is highly neurotoxic in vitro and may contain procoagulant toxins, making this snake potentially dangerous to humans.','scientific paper','by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland','Toxins 2014, 6, 1979-1995; doi:10.3390/toxins6071979',NULL,NULL),(217,'Conservation [...] Management [...] for Amphibians and Reptiles of Sri Lanka, ANONYMOUS 2000','Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop for Amphibians and Reptiles of Sri Lanka','Anonymous (The Amphibian and Reptile Research Organisation of Sri Lanka)','2000','The South Asian region consists of seven countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) and hosts a total of 632 reptiles (Das, 1994) and 300+ amphibian species. These constitute a tenth of the world’s herpetofauna described until date. Sri Lanka and Maldives are two island nations in the region, the former of which is very rich in herpetofauna. The “tear drop” island is as big as an average state in India, but is richer in biodiversity than many states in India. Sri Lanka was included in the revised Hot Spots of the world along with the Western Ghats of India by Mittermeier et al. (1998). Recent field studies in Sri Lanka indicate that the country is a true Hot Spot for herpetofauna. Recent discoveries potentially increase the amphibian fauna from 52 species to more than 200 species when officially described (Pethiyagoda & Manamendra-Arachchi, 1998). The current published descriptions of herpetofauna indicates that Sri Lanka has a total of 54 taxa of amphibians and 176 taxa of reptiles as formally described. A Conservation Assessment and Management Plan workshop was planned in the early part of 1998 with the objective of assessing the conservation status of every described reptile and amphibian of Sri Lanka. The Amphibian and Reptile Research Organisation of Sri Lanka (ARROS), Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Sri Lanka and the University of Peradeniya organised and hosted the five-day workshop at the University of Peradeniya campus from 26 to 30 November 1998. The workshop was attended by more than 35 herpetologists from Sri Lanka, at the end of which 173 species and subspecies (taxa) of herpetofauna were assessed according to the IUCN Red List Criteria of 1994. Conservation research and management recommendations were also made species-wise after the assessments were completed. The workshop was facilitated and coordinated by the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, India (CBSG India) and supported financially by the Philadelphia Zoo and the Columbus Zoo Conservation Fund (CZCF). The South Asian Reptile and Amphibian Specialist Group (SARASG), SSC, IUCN, Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force (DAPTF), Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka and the Friends of Rare Amphibians of the Western Ghats (FRAWG) were collaborators of the workshop.','scientific paper','The Amphibian and Reptile Research Organisation of Sri Lanka (ARROS)',NULL,NULL,NULL),(336,'Contributions to a review of Philippine snakes, IX. The snakes of the genus Cyclocorus, LEVITON 1967','Contributions to a review of Philippine snakes, IX. The snakes of the genus Cyclocorus.','Leviton,A.E.','1967',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Philippine J. Sci. 94 (4): 519-533','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(341,'Contributions to a review of Philippine snakes. VI. The snakes of the genus Oxyrhabdion, LEVITON 1964','Contributions to a review of Philippine snakes. VI. The snakes of the genus Oxyrhabdion.','Leviton,A.E.','1964',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Philippine J. Sci. 93: 407-422','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(127,'Coral snake venoms: [...] experimental envenomation, BRAZIL 1987','Coral snake venoms: mode of action and pathophysiology of experimental envenomation','BRAZIL, Oswald Vital','1987','Coral snakes, the New World Elapidae, are included in the genera Micniroides and Micrurus. The genus Mlcrurus comprises nearly all coral snake species and those which are responsible for human snake-bite accidents. The following generalizations concerning the effects induced by their venoms, and their venom-properties can be made. Coral snake venoms are neurotoxic, producing loss of muscle strenght and death by respiratory paralysis. Local edema and necrosis are not induced nor blood coagulation or hemorrhages. Proteolysis activity is absent or of very low grade. They display phospholipase A2 activity. Nephrotoxic effects are not evoked. The main toxins from elapid venoms are postsynaptic and presynaptic neurotoxins and cardiotoxins. Phospholipases A2 endowed with myonecrotic or cardiotoxin-like properties are important toxic components from some elapid venoms. The mode of action of Micrurus frontalis, M. lemniscatus, M. corallinus and M. fulvius venoms has been investigated in isolated muscle preparations and is here discussed. It is shown that while M. frontalis and M. lemniscatus venoms must contain only neurotoxins that act at the cholinergic end-plate receptor (postsynaptic neurotoxins), M. corallinus venom also inhibits evoked acetylcholine release by the motor nerve endings (presynaptic neurotoxin-like effect) and M. fulvius induces muscle fiber membrane depolarization (cardiotoxin-like effect). The effects produced by M. corallinus and M. fulvius venoms in vivo in dogs and M. frontalis venom in dogs and monkeys are also reported.  Keywords : Coral snake venoms; Neuromuscular junction; Postsynaptic action; Presynaptic action; Cardiotoxin-like action; Neostigmine antagonistic effect.','scientific paper','Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo','Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo [online]. 1987, vol.29, n.3, pp.119-126. ISSN 1678-9946.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46651987000300001','',NULL),(105,'Cross-Reactivity against Naja sumatrana [...]  Envenoming, CHAM ET AL 2013','Cross-Reactivity against Naja sumatrana (Black Spitting Cobra) Envenoming from the Haffkine Antivenom in a Mouse Model','Gregory Cham, Francis Lim, Arul Earnest, and Ponnampalam Gopalakrishnakone','2013','Naja sumatrana is the dominant cobra species in Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, and Sumatra, and it does not have specic antivenom.  e Ha ine antivenom has been advocated instead.  is study aims to determine the ecacy of this antivenom against Naja sumatrana envenoming using a mouse model. Methods. Male Swiss albino mice were used. Intravenous LD50 was rst determined separately for Naja naja and Naja sumatrana venom. ED50 was determined by preincubating antivenom with each venom at 2.5 LD50 before administering the mixture into the tail vein. Validation was carried out using a challenge test. Each mouse received 111 g of Naja sumatrana venom intramuscularly followed by intraperitoneal administration of dilute Ha ine antivenom. Survival was recorded 24 hours aer envenoming. Results.  e LD50 of Naja naja venom was 78.13 g, standard error (SE) 13.3 g.  e ED50 of the Ha ine antivenom against Naja naja venom was 45.9 mg, SE 7.5 mg.  e LD50 and ED50 of Naja sumatrana venom were 55.5 g, SE 12.0 g; and 73.9 mg, SE 12.0 mg, respectively.  e intra-peritoneal ED50 against 111 g intramuscular Naja sumatrana venom was 136.95 mg, SE 36.74 mg. Conclusion.  e Ha ine polyvalent antivenom exhibited cross-neutralisation against Naja sumatrana venom when used at a higher dose.','scientific paper','Hindawi Publishing Corporation','ISRN Toxicology; Volume 2013, Article ID 247645, 5 pages; http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/247645','',NULL),(233,'Crotalus scutulatus (Mohave Rattlesnake). Maximum size, MRINALINI ET AL 2015','Crotalus scutulatus (Mohave Rattlesnake). Maximum size.','Mrinalini, James J. Hicks, Wolfgang Wüster','2015','Here, we report the longest accurately measured Crotalus scutulatus.','scientific paper','Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles','Herpetological Review 46(2), 2015, pp. 271','',NULL),(231,'Danger in the reef: [...] venom of the olive sea snake, Aipysurus laevis, LAUSTSEN ET AL 2015','Danger in the reef: Proteome, toxicity, and neutralization of the venom of the olive sea snake, Aipysurus laevis','Laustsen AH, Gutiérrez JM, Rasmussen AR, Engmark M, Gravlund P, Sanders KL, Lohse B, Lomonte B','2015','Four specimens of the olive sea snake, Aipysurus laevis, were collected off the coast of Western Australia, and the venom proteome was characterized and quantitatively estimated by RP-HPLC, SDS-PAGE, and MALDI-TOF-TOF analyses. A. laevis venom is remarkably simple and consists of phospholipases A2 (71.2%), three-finger toxins (3FTx; 25.3%), cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISP; 2.5%), and traces of a complement control module protein (CCM; 0.2%). Using a Toxicity Score, the most lethal components were determined to be short neurotoxins. Whole venom had an intravenous LD50 of 0.07 mg/kg in mice and showed a high phospholipase A2 activity, but no proteinase activity in vitro. Preclinical assessment of neutralization and ELISA immunoprofiling showed that BioCSL Sea Snake Antivenom was effective in cross-neutralizing A. laevis venom with an ED50 of 821 μg venom per mL antivenom, with a binding preference towards short neurotoxins, due to the high degree of conservation between short neurotoxins from A. laevis and Enhydrina schistosa venom. Our results point towards the possibility of developing recombinant antibodies or synthetic inhibitors against A. laevis venom due to its simplicity.','scientific paper','Elsevier Ltd','Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology [2015, 107(Pt B):187-196]','',NULL),(279,'deficiencies of snakebite treatment capability in East Africa, HARRISON ET AL 2017','Preclinical antivenom-efficacy testing reveals potentially disturbing deficiencies of snakebite treatment capability in East Africa','Robert A. Harrison, George O. Oluoch, Stuart Ainsworth, Jaffer Alsolaiss,\r\nFiona Bolton, Ana-Silvia Arias, Jose-Marõa Gutierrez, Paul Rowley1, Stephen Kalya,\r\nHastings Ozwara, Nicholas R. Casewell1','2017','Antivenom is the treatment of choice for snakebite, which annually kills an estimated 32,000 people in sub-Saharan Africa and leaves approximately 100,000 survivors with permanent physical disabilities that exert a considerable socioeconomic burden. Over the past two decades, the high costs of the most polyspecifically-effective antivenoms have sequentially reduced demand, commercial manufacturing incentives and production volumes that have combined to create a continent-wide vacuum of effective snakebite therapy. This was quickly filled with new, less expensive antivenoms, many of which are of untested efficacy. Some of these successfully marketed antivenoms for Africa are inappropriately manufac-tured with venoms from non-African snakes and are dangerously ineffective. The uncertain efficacy of available antivenoms exacerbates the complexity of designing intervention mea-sures to reduce the burden of snakebite in sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this study was to preclinically determine the ability of antivenoms available in Kenya to neutralise the lethal effects of venoms from the most medically important snakes in East Africa.','scientific paper','PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases','PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11(10): e0005969. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pntd.0005969',NULL,NULL),(137,'Description of a new and critically endangered species of Atheris, MENEGON ET AL 2011','Description of a new and critically endangered species of Atheris (Serpentes: Viperidae) from the Southern Highlands of Tanzania, with an overview of the country’s tree viper fauna','MICHELE MENEGON, TIM R.B. DAVENPORT & KIM M. HOWELL','2011','A new species of arboreal forest viper (Serpentes: Viperidae: Atheris) from a forest fragment in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania is described and named Atheris matildae sp. nov. The species resembles the forest horned viper, Atheris ceratophora Werner, by bearing horn-like supraciliary scales but it differs in size, body proportions, scalation, scale ultrastructure, and distribution. Genetic divergence is also assessed and the two species have an estimated divergence time of approximately 2.2 million years. An overview of the genus Atheris in Tanzania, including new distribution data, is presented and the conservation status of the new taxon is discussed','scientific paper','Magnolia Press','Zootaxa 3120: 43–54 (2011)',NULL,NULL),(158,'Description of a new species of Cylindrophis from [...] Indonesia, SMITH & SIDIK 1998','DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CYLINDROPHIS (SERPENTES: CYLINDROPHIIDAE) FROM YAMDENA ISLAND, TANIMBAR ARCHIPELAGO, INDONESIA','L.A. Smith, I. Sidik','1998','A new species of Cylindrophis closely related to Cylindrophis ruffus is described from Yamdena, Tanimbar Archipelago, Indonesia.','unknown','National University of Singapore','THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 1998 46(2): 419-424',NULL,NULL),(312,'Description of some new or imperfectly known species of Reptiles from the Cameroon Mountains, GÜNTHER 1874','Description of some new or imperfectly known species of Reptiles from the Cameroon Mountains.','Günther, A. ','1874',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1874: 442-445','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(342,'Descriptions of the [...] ophidians collected by Prof. J.B. Balfour in the Island of Socotra, GÜNTHER 1881','Descriptions of the amphisbaenians and ophidians collected by Prof. J.B. Balfour in the Island of Socotra.','Günther, A.','1881',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1881: 461-463','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(79,'Development of [...] procedures for the characterization of snake venoms, THEAKSTON & REID 1983','Development of simple standard assay procedures for the characterization of snake venoms (including WHO international reference venoms) ','R. D. G. Theakston, H. A. Reid','1983','Following the report of a WHO Coordination Meeting on the biological characteri› zation of medically important venoms and standardization of antivenoms, methods have been developed for the assessment of lethal defibrinogenating, procoagu1ant, haemorrhagic and necrotizing properties of a wide range of venoms of medical importance throughout the world. The venoms studied included Echis carinatus (Iran), Naja naja kaouthia (Thailand), Notechis scutatus (Australia), Trimeresurus f1avoviridis (Japan), Vipera russe11i (Thailand) and Crotalus atrox (USA) which include six of the eight venoms designated as the proposed international standards for venoms (PSiS). (C. atrox venom replaced C. adamanteus venom as an adequate supply of the latter was not available.) Forty-seven other venoms have also been studied. The tests for estimating these biological activities are simple and should be reproducible in other laboratories throughout the world. Procedures for assaying neuromuscular paralytic activity of ','scientific paper','WHO/WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION','WHO/BS/83.1403','',NULL),(50,'Die Amphibien und Reptilien Europas, Glandt 2015','Die Amphibien und Reptilien Europas - Alle Arten im Porträt','Dieter Glandt','2015','Erstmals werden in diesem Buch alle 280 in Europa und auf den angrenzenden atlantischen Inseln vorkommenden Amphibien- und Reptilienarten ausführlich vorgestellt. Nahezu jede Art ist farbig abgebildet - einige sogar erstmalig! Aussehen, Verhalten und Lebensraum der einzelnen Arten sind detailliert beschrieben. Zusätzlich liefert der Autor wertvolle Beobachtungstipps für die praktische Feldarbeit sowie Informationen über Gefährdung und Schutzmaßnahmen. Zusammen mit den Angaben zur Verbreitung, zum Teil auch als Karte dargestellt, ist dieses Buch nicht nur ein unverzichtbares Nachschlagewerk, sondern auch ein wertvoller Begleiter für alle, die sich von den Kanarischen Inseln bis zum Ural auf die Suche nach diesen faszinierenden Tieren begeben wollen. Die 2. Auflage, die in einem größeren Format erscheint, ist bearbeitet und auf den neuesten wissenschaftlichen Stand gebracht. Außerdem wurde sie um etwa 20 neue Arten erweitert.','book','Quelle & Meyer Verlag,  Wiebelsheim','ISBN 978-3-494-01581-1, 2. Auflage','IMPORTED',NULL),(55,'Die Schlangen Europas, GRUBER 2009','Die Schlangen Europas - Alle Arten Europas und des Mittelmeerraums','Ulrich Gruber','2009',' Alle aktuellen Informationen zu über 95 europäischen und nordafrikanischen Schlangen sind in diesem Naturführer zu finden. Detaillierte Beschreibungen der Bestimmungsmerkmale, des Lebensraumes und der Verbreitung dieser wunderschönen und schützenswerten Tiere machen das Bestimmen der Arten einfach.','book','Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co. KG, Stuttgart','ISBN 978-3-440-11476-6 ','IMPORTED',NULL),(60,'Diversity of Micrurus Snake Species Related to Their Venom Toxic Effects [...], TANAKA ET AL 2010','Diversity of Micrurus Snake Species Related to Their Venom Toxic Effects and the Prospective of Antivenom Neutralization','Gabriela D. Tanaka, Maria de Fátima D. Furtado, Fernanda C. V. Portaro, Osvaldo Augusto Sant\'Anna, Denise V. Tambourg','2010','Micrurus snake bites can cause death by muscle paralysis and respiratory arrest, few hours after envenomation.\r\nThe specific treatment for coral snake envenomation is the intravenous application of heterologous antivenom and, in\r\nBrazil, it is produced by horse immunization with a mixture of M. corallinus and M. frontalis venoms, snakes that inhabit the\r\nSouth and Southeastern regions of the country. However, this antivenom might be inefficient, considering the existence of\r\nintra- and inter-specific variations in the composition of the venoms. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to\r\ninvestigate the toxic properties of venoms from nine species of Micrurus: eight present in different geographic regions of\r\nBrazil (M. frontalis, M. corallinus, M. hemprichii, M. spixii, M. altirostris, M. surinamensis, M. ibiboboca, M. lemniscatus) and one\r\n(M. fulvius) with large distribution in Southeastern United States and Mexico. This study also analyzed the antigenic crossreactivity\r\nand the neutralizing potential of the Brazilian coral snake antivenom against these Micrurus venoms.','scientific paper','PLOS','PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | March 2010 | Volume 4 | Issue 3 | e622','',NULL),(313,'Ecological and phylogenetic influences on maxillary dentition in snakes, KNOX & JACKSON 2010','Ecological and phylogenetic influences on maxillary dentition in snakes.','Knox, A., & Jackson, K.','2010',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology, 9(2), 121-131.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(75,'Effect of Sublethal Dose of Naja naja Snake Venom, MORAD 2012','Effect of Sublethal Dose of Najanaja Snake Venom on Levels of some Liver Enzymes in Albino Male Rates\r\n','Taha Shawi Morad','2012','The effects of (Najanaja ) snake cobra venom on some liver enzymes in albino male rats have been investigated. The effects of a single sublethal dose of Najanaja snake venom (0.04μg/g) body weight on the activities of certain serum enzymes levels: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were studied.  Samples from the serum were collected 3 and 24 h following venom dose intraperitonealy injected in male albino rats. The activities of these enzymes showed significant elevation compared to the control. Najanaja snake venom caused damage and hepatic dysfunction in enevomated male rats.','scientific paper','City College of Science University','Journal: JURNAL OF MADENAT ALELEM COLLEGE مجلة كلية مدينة العلم الجامعة ISSN: 20732295 Year: 2012 Volume: 4 Issue: 1 Pages: 132-138','',NULL),(270,'Effects of bites by [...] Vipera berus in seven Swedish horses, ANLEN 2008 ','Effects of bites by the European adder (Vipera berus) in seven Swedish horses','Karin Anlen','2008','The effects on seven horses of bites by the European adder (Vipera berus) are described and compared with previously available information. The clinical signs varied from local swelling and mild systemic signs to severe systemic signs, including systemic inflammatory response, severe tissue necrosis, ventricular tachycardia and dysphagia. Two of the horses were treated with ‘Zagreb’ antiserum, and three that were not treated with antiserum were euthanased owing to complications related to the bites','scientific paper','The Veterinary Record','Veterinary Record (2008)  162, 652-656; DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.20.652 · Source: PubMed','',NULL),(74,'Effects of LD50 of Crude Venom of black Pakistani Cobra, RIAZ ET AL 2015','Bio-Physiological Effects of LD50 of Crude Venom of black Pakistani Cobra','Z. Riaz, M. Q. Zaman, Z. Ullah, Habib-ur-Rehman, M. S. Yousaf, I. Rabbani, M. I. Khan, M. S. Hussain, S. Tahir and K. A. Majeed','2015','The present study evaluated the acute bio-physiological effects of Lethal dose 50 (LD 50) of crude venom of Black Pakistani Cobra, Naja naja karachiensis, collected from Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Adult mice (n=20) were injected intramuscularly with normal saline (n/s) or LD50 of crude venom (1.2mg/kg). Blood was collected by cardiac puncture after anesthesia at intervals 0 (n/s), and 1, 1.5, 2 (LD50 venom) hours. Complete blood count, glucose, serum Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, total proteins and urea were measured to assess the physiology. One way ANOVA was used to analyze the data (P<0.05). A significant increase in erythrocyte count, its indices and thrombocytosis was observed during the study. Leukocyotsis was observed after a transient leucopenia at 1 hour post envenomation. No significant difference was observed for lymphocytes and monocytes. Serum concentrations of urea, total proteins, albumin and ALT were also increased significantly with all time intervals. Hypoglycemia was observed initially followed by hyperglycemia at 1.5 and 2 hours. The changes indicate that venom has severe hemotoxic potential and disrupts physiological processes by affecting vital organs like kidneys and liver in mice.','scientific paper','The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences','The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 25 (5): 2015, Page: 1344-1348, ISSN: 1018-7081','',NULL),(106,'Efficacy of Indian polyvalent snake antivenoms against Sri Lankan snake venoms, MADUWAGE ET AL 2016','Efficacy of Indian polyvalent snake antivenoms against Sri Lankan snake venoms: lethality studies or clinically focussed in vitro studies','Kalana Maduwage, Anjana Silva, Margaret A. O’Leary, Wayne C. Hodgson & Geoffrey K. Isbister','2016','In vitro antivenom efficacy studies were compared to rodent lethality studies to test two Indian snake antivenoms (VINS and BHARAT) against four Sri Lankan snakes. In vitro efficacy was tested at venom concentrations consistent with human envenoming. Efficacy was compared statistically for one batch from each manufacturer where multiple vials were available. In binding studies EC50 for all VINS antivenoms were less than BHARAT for D. russelii [553 µg/mL vs. 1371 µg/mL;p = 0.016), but were greater for VINS antivenoms compared to BHARAT for N. naja [336 µg/mL vs. 70 µg/mL;p < 0.0001].  EC50 of both antivenoms was only slighty different for E. carinatus and B. caeruleus. For procoagulant activity neutralisation, the EC50 was lower for VINS compared to BHARAT - 60 µg/mL vs. 176 µg/mL (p < 0.0001) for Russell’s viper and 357 µg/mL vs. 6906µg/mL (p < 0.0001) for Saw-scaled viper. Only VINS antivenom neutralized in vitro neurotoxicity of krait venom. Both antivenoms partially neutralized cobra and didn’t neutralize Russell’s viper neurotoxicity. Lethality studies found no statistically significant difference in ED50 values between VINS and BHARAT antivenoms. VINS antivenoms appeared superior to BHARAT at concentrations equivalent to administering 10 vials antivenom, based on binding and neutralisation studies. Lethality studies were inconsistent suggesting rodent death may not measure relevant efficacy outcomes in humans.','scientific paper','Nature.com','SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | 6:26778 | DOI: 10.1038/srep26778','',NULL),(164,'Eggs of the Blind Snake, Liotyphlops albirostris, Are Incubated in a Nest of the Lower Fungus-Growing Ant, BRUNER ET AL 2012','Eggs of the Blind Snake, Liotyphlops albirostris, Are Incubated in a Nest of the Lower Fungus-Growing Ant, Apterostigma cf. goniodes','Gaspar Bruner, Hermogenes Fernandez-Marın, Justin C. Touchon and William T. Wcislo','2012','Parental care is rare in most lower vertebrates. By selecting optimal oviposition sites, however, mothers can realize some benefits often associated with parental care. We found three ovoid reptilian eggs within a mature nest of a relatively basal fungus-growing ant, Apterostigma cf. goniodes (Attini), in central Panama. In laboratory colonies, A. cf. goniodes workers attended and cared for the eggs. Two blind snakes, Liotyphlops albirostris (Anomalepididae), successfully hatched, which is the first rearing record for this species. The ants did not disturb the snakes, and the snakes did not eat the ants; we found no ants in the dissected stomachs of the snakes.We review other associations between nesting fungus-growing ants and egg-laying vertebrates, which together suggest that attine nests may provide a safe, environmentally buffered location for oviposition, even in basal attine taxa with relatively small colony sizes.','scientific paper','2012 Gaspar Bruner et al.','Hindawi Publishing Corporation Psyche Volume 2012, Article ID 532314,','',NULL),(309,'Envenomation by Ithycyphus miniatus, MORI & MIZUTA','Envenomation by the Madagascan colubrid snake, Ithycyphus miniatus.','Mori, A. and T. Mizuta.','2006',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases 12:512-520.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(310,'Envenomation by the Malagasy colubrid snake Langaha madagascariensis, D\'CRUZE 2008','Envenomation by the Malagasy colubrid snake Langaha madagascariensis.','D\'Cruze, N.','2008',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases 14:546-551.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(47,'Envenomation from the bite of [...] Rhabdophis tigrinus, MITTLEMAN & GORIS 1974','Envenomation from the bite of the japanese colubrid snake Rhabdophis tigrinus (Boie)','M.B. Mittleman, R.C. Goris','1974','The yamakagashi, Rhabdophis tigrinus, a common natricine snake of Japan and adjacent East Asia, is generally considered inocuous to man despite its enlarged posterior maxillary teeth and well developed Duvernoy\'s glands. Three cases of serious envenomation by this species are reported, all marked by delayed, spontaneous, superficial hemorrhaging and profound impairment of normal blood coagulation. In two cases these phenomena were accompanied by signs of severe internal hemorrhaging and hemolysis. Other symptoms may have resulted from transitory involvement of the central and autonomic nervous systems. Therapeutic measures applied in these cases are described, including the apparently effective use of a systemic antihemorrhagic drug. It is concluded that R. tigrinus is a dangerously venomous snake and potentially lethal to man.','scientific paper','Herpetologica','Herpetologica; Vol. 30, No. 2 (Jun., 1974), pp. 113-119','',NULL),(21,'envenoming by saw-scaled or carpet vipers [...], ABUBAKAR 2010 ','Pre-clinical and preliminary dose-finding and safety studies to identify candidate antivenoms for treatment of envenoming by saw-scaled or carpet vipers (Echis ocellatus) in northern Nigeria.','Abubakar SB, Abubakar IS, Habib AG, Nasidi A, Durfa N, Yusuf PO, et al.','2010','','scientific paper','The International Society on Toxinology','Toxicon , 55, 719–23','',NULL),(24,'Enzymatic and toxinological activities of Hypnale hypnale (hump-nosed pit viper) venom, TAN ET AL 2011','Enzymatic and toxinological activities of Hypnale hypnale (hump-nosed pit viper) venom and its fractionation by ion exchange high performance liquid chromatography','Tan CH, Sim SM, Gnanathasan CA, Fung SY, Ponnudurai G, Pailoor J, Tan NH','2011','Hypnale hypnale (hump-nosed pit viper) has been recently identified as one of the medically important venomous snakes in Sri Lanka and on the southwestern coast of India. The characterizationof its venom is essential for understanding the pathophysiology of envenomation and for optimizingits management. In the present study, the biological properties of Hypnale hypnale venom and venom fractions obtained using Resource Q ion exchange chromatography were determined. The venomexhibited toxic activities typical of pit viper venom, comparable to that of its sister taxon, the Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma). Particularly noteworthy were its high activities of thrombin-like enzyme, proteases, phospholipase A2 , L-amino acid oxidase and hyaluronidase. The thrombin-like enzyme was mainly acidic and distributed over several chromatography fractions, indicating its existence in multipleisoforms. The hemorrhagic and necrotic activities of the venom were likely associated with the proteolytic enzyme found mainly in the basic fraction. Phospholipase A2 and phosphomonoesterase exist in both acidic and basic isoforms, while L-amino acid oxidase and hyaluronidase are highly acidic. The venom clotting activity on fibrinogens showed distinct species specificity in the following increasing order for clotting time:bovine < rabbit < goat < human < horse < < dog, and was comparable to that of C. rhodostoma venom. Its clot formation on human fibrinogen is gradual and prolonged, a phenomenon suggestive of consumptive coagulopathy as a complication observed clinically. At an intramuscular sublethal dose, the venom did not cause acute kidney injury in a rodent model, contrary to the positive control group treated with Daboia russelii venom. Nephrotoxicity may result from higher venom doses in the context of coagulopathy, as a complication provoked by venom hematoxicity. ','scientific paper','BioMed Central Ltd','Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, ISSN 1678-9199 | 2011 | volume 17 | issue 4 | pages 473-485','',NULL),(294,'Essai sur l\'evolution anatomique de l\'appareil venimeux des ophidiens, ANTHONY 1955 ','Essai sur l\'evolution anatomique de l\'appareil venimeux des ophidiens. ','Anthony, J.','1955',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. 11:7-53.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(332,'Essai sur la physionomie des serpens. Partie Descriptive, SCHLEGEL 1837','Essai sur la physionomie des serpens. Partie Descriptive.','Schlegel, H. ','1837',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'La Haye (J. Kips, J. HZ. et W. P. van Stockum), 606 S. + xvi','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(179,'Evaluation of the Lethal Potency of Scorpion and Snake Venoms, OUKKACHE ET AL 2014','Evaluation of the Lethal Potency of Scorpion and Snake Venoms and Comparison between Intraperitoneal and Intravenous Injection Routes','Naoual Oukkache, Rachid El Jaoudi, Noreddine Ghalim, Fatima Chgoury, Balkiss Bouhaouala, Naima El Mdaghri and Jean-Marc Sabatier','2014','Scorpion stings and snake bites are major health hazards that lead to suffering of victims and high mortality. Thousands of injuries associated with such stings and bites of venomous animals occur every year worldwide. In North Africa, more than 100,000 scorpion stings and snake bites are reported annually. An appropriate determination of the 50% lethal doses (LD50) of scorpion and snake venoms appears to be an important step to assess (and compare) venom toxic activity. Such LD50 values are also commonly used to evaluate the neutralizing capacity of specific anti-venom batches. In the present work, we determined experimentally the LD50 values of reference scorpion and snake venoms in Swiss mice, and evaluated the influence of two main venom injection routes (i.e., intraperitoneal (IP) versus intravenous (IV)). The analysis of experimental LD50 values obtained with three collected scorpion venoms indicates that Androctonus mauretanicus (Am) is intrinsically more toxic than Androctonus australis hector (Aah) species, whereas the latter is more toxic than Buthus occitanus (Bo). Similar analysis of three representative snake venoms of the Viperidae family shows that Cerastes cerastes (Cc) is more toxic than either Bitis arietans (Ba) or Macrovipera lebetina (Ml) species. Interestingly, the venom of Elapidae cobra snake Naja haje (Nh) is far more toxic than viper venoms Cc, Ml and Ba, in agreement with the known severity of cobra-related envenomation. Also, our data showed that viper venoms are about three-times less toxic when injected IP as compared to IV, distinct from cobra venom Nh which exhibited a similar toxicity when injected IP or IV. Overall, this study clearly highlights the usefulness of procedure standardization, especially regarding the administration route, for evaluating the relative toxicity of individual animal venoms. It also evidenced a marked difference in lethal activity between venoms of cobra and vipers, which, apart from the nature of toxins, might be attributed to the rich composition of high molecular weight enzymes in the case of viper venoms.','scientific paper','toxins','Toxins 2014, 6, 1873-1881; doi:10.3390/toxins6061873',NULL,NULL),(180,'Evolutionary origin and development of snake fangs, VONK ET AL 2008','Evolutionary origin and development of snake fangs','Freek J. Vonk, Jeroen F. Admiraal, Kate Jackson, Ram Reshef, Merijn A. G. de Bakker, Kim Vanderschoot, Iris van den Berge, Marit van Atten, Erik Burgerhout, Andrew Beck, Peter J. Mirtschin, Elazar Kochva, Frans Witte, Bryan G. Fry, Anthony E. Woods & Michael K. Richardson','2008','Many advanced snakes use fangs—specialized teeth associated with a venom gland1,2—to introduce venom into prey or attacker. Various front- and rear-fanged groups are recognized, according to whether their fangs are positioned anterior (for example cobras and vipers) or posterior (for example grass snakes) in the upper jaw3–5. Afundamental controversy in snake evolution is whether or not front and rear fangs share the same evolutionary and developmental origin3–9. Resolving this controversy could identify a major evolutionary transition underlying the massive radiation of advanced snakes, and the associated developmental events. Here we examine this issue by visualizing the tooth-forming epithelium in the upper jaw of 96 snake embryos, covering eight species. We use the sonic hedgehog gene as a marker10–13, and three-dimensionally reconstruct the development in 41 of the embryos. We show that front fangs develop from the posterior end of the upper jaw, and are strikingly similar in morphogenesis to rear fangs. This is consistent with their being homologous. In front-fanged snakes, the anterior part of the upper jaw lacks sonic hedgehog expression, and ontogenetic allometry displaces the fang from its posterior developmental origin to its adult front position— consistent with an ancestral posterior position of the front fang. In rear-fanged snakes, the fangs develop from an independent posterior dental lamina and retain their posterior position. In light of our findings, we put forward a new model for the evolution of snake fangs: a posterior subregion of the tooth-forming epithelium became developmentally uncoupled from the remaining dentition, which allowed the posterior teeth to evolve independently and in close association with the venom gland, becoming highly modified in different lineages. This developmental event could have facilitated the massive radiation of advanced snakes in the Cenozoic era, resulting in the spectacular diversity of snakes seen today.','scientific paper','Nature','Vol 454| 31 July 2008| doi:10.1038/nature07178','NOCH IMPORTIEREN Dentition: front-fanged, rear-fanged snakes',NULL),(109,'Experimental evidence that oral secretions of [...] Diadophis punctatus occidentalis are toxic, O\'DONNELL 2007','Experimental evidence that oral secretions of northwestern ring-necked snakes (Diadophis punctatus occidentalis) are toxic to their prey','Ryan P. O’Donnell, Kevin Staniland, Robert T. Mason','2007','Ring-necked snakes (Diadophis punctatus) are suspected of being venomous because their Duvernoy’s gland secretions have high levels of phospholipase activity, which is characteristic of many viperid and elapid venoms, and because anecdotal reports of feeding behavior are consistent with the use of a venom. We tested the toxicity of northwestern ring-necked snake oral secretions to a natural prey species, northwestern garter snakes (Thamnophis ordinoides), by injecting 2–35 ml of oral secretions intraperitoneally. All doses were 100% lethal within 180 min. The dose signiﬁcantly affected the time to loss of a righting response. Neither injection of saline nor denatured oral secretions resulted in loss of a righting response or any visible detrimental effects. We suggest that northwestern ring-necked snakes may have evolved venom to subdue larger prey items than the snake would otherwise be capable of taking.','scientific paper','Elsevier','R.P. O’Donnell et al. / Toxicon 50 (2007) 810–815','NOCH IMPORTIEREN Colubrid toxicity',NULL),(121,'Experimental Lachesis muta rhombeata envenomation, CREMONEZ ET AL 2016','Experimental Lachesis muta rhombeata envenomation and effects of soursop (Annona muricata) as natural antivenom','Caroline Marroni Cremonez , Flávia Pine Leite , Karla de Castro Figueiredo Bordon , Felipe Augusto Cerni , Iara Aimê Cardoso , Zita Maria de Oliveira Gregório , Rodrigo Cançado Gonçalves de Souza , Ana Maria de Souza and Eliane Candiani Arantes','2016','Background: In the Atlantic forest of the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, local population often uses the fruit juice and the aqueous extract of leaves of soursop (Annona muricata L.) to treat Lachesis muta rhombeata envenomation. Envenomation is a relevant health issue in these areas, especially due to its severity and because the production and distribution of antivenom is limited in these regions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relevance of the use of soursop leaf extract and its juice against envenomation by Lachesis muta rhombeata. Methods: We evaluated the biochemical, hematological and hemostatic parameters, the blood pressure, the inflammation process and the lethality induced by Lachesis muta rhombeata snake venom. We also assessed the action of the aqueous extract of leaves (AmL) and juice (AmJ) from A. muricata on the animal organism injected with L. m. rhombeata venom (LmrV) in the laboratory environment. Results: LmrV induced a decrease of total protein, albumin and glucose; and increase of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and urea concentrations. It provoked hemoconcentration followed by reduction of hematocrit, an increase in prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time and a decrease of the blood pressure. LmrV induced the release of interleukin-6, an increase in neutrophils and changes in the serum protein profile, characteristic of the acute inflammatory process. LD50 values were similar for the groups injected with LmrV and treated or untreated with AmJ and AmL. Both treatments play a role on the maintenance of blood glucose, urea and coagulation parameters and exert a protective action against the myotoxicity. However, they seem to worsen the hypotension caused by LmrV. Conclusion: The treatments with AmJ and AmL present some beneficial actions, but they might intensify some effects of the venom. Therefore, additional studies on A. muricata are necessary to enable its use as natural antivenom for bushmaster snakebite. Keywords: Lachesis muta rhombeata, Bushmaster, Natural antivenom, Antiophidic action, Soursop, Annona muricata','scientific paper','Cremonez et al. Open Access','Cremonez et al. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases (2016) 22:12 DOI 10.1186/s40409-016-0067-6','NOCH IMPORTIEREN LD50',NULL),(367,'Extreme adaptability to light, in the round pupil of the snake Spalerosophis (WERNER, 1970)','Extreme adaptability to light, in the round pupil of the snake Spalerosophis','Yehudah Werner','1970',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'0',NULL,NULL),(54,'Faszination  Riesenschlangen, BELLOSA ET AL 2007','Faszination  Riesenschlangen - Mythos Fakten und Geschichten','Henry Bellosa, Dr. Lutz Dirksen, Dr. Mark Auliya','2007','Nervenkitzel garantiert – das ultimative Riesenschlangen-Buch mit sensationellen Fotos: spektakuläre Storys über Rekordschlangen und ihre Übergriffe auf Menschen, über Exepeditionen und Entdeckungen; Schutz bedrohter Arten, Riesenschlangen-Haltung in der Wohnung und vieles mehr.\r\nSchön-schaurig ist es, wenn sich Urangst und Neugier verbinden und Faszination daraus wird. Bei Riesenschlangen ist das garantiert der Fall – bei ihrem Anblick, wenn man Geschichten über sie hört und sich vorstellt, einer zu begegnen…\r\nErlegen sind dieser Faszination drei Männer, die ihr Wissen und ihre Erfahrungen zusammengeführt haben und von diesen außergewöhnlichen Tieren erzählen und berichten. Ihr Buch Faszination Riesenschlangen ist vor allem den vier größten Arten gewidmet: der Großen Anakonda, dem Dunklen Tigerpython, dem Netzpython und dem Nördlichen Felsenpython. Unter ihnen gibt es Tiere mit mehr als sechs Metern Länge – das vielleicht längste maß 8,9 Meter.\r\nDiesen Riesenreptilien auf der Spur sind seit langem der Biologe Henry Bellosa sowie die Zoologen Lutz Dirksen und Mark Auliya. Ihren Beschreibungen zum Äußeren, zu Lebensweise, Jagd und Fortpflanzung folgt ein Kapitel über deren nächste Verwandte und Riesenschlangen allgemein. Dann geht es um die wahre Größe: Wie misst man sie? Welches Wachstum ist biologisch möglich? Und von welchen Rekorden war und ist bis heute die Rede? Forschung und Expeditionen, die Gefahren für Menschen, Schlangen in Mythen und Legenden und als Attraktion heute sind weitere Schwerpunkte, bevor es abschließend um den Handel geht – lukrativ für manche Menschen, aber bedrohlich für die Tiere.\r\nDie Berichte sind reich an Beispielen – schauerlich bis amüsant – und mit sehr persönlicher Note zusammengestellt. Sie sind wissenschaftlich genau und trotzdem gut lesbar. Nicht vergessen sind zudem praktische wie wichtige Hinweise für die Haltung von Schlangen zu Hause.\r\nFaszination Riesenschlangen wird nicht nur Schlangenfreunde begeistern. Die Mischung aus Nervenkitzel, Superlativen und hochwertiger Information macht es zu einem Lese- und Bilderbuch für jeden, den die Natur interessiert.','book','BLV Buchverlag','Auflage: 1 (September 2007), ISBN-10: 383540282X, ISBN-13: 978-3835402829','NOCH IMPORTIEREN',NULL),(10,'Fauna of Australia, GLASBY ET AL 1993','Fauna of Australia',' C.J. Glasby, G.J.B. Ross, P.L. Beesley','1993','Provides a comprehensive overview to the herpetofauna of Australia, split into two main sections: Class Amphibia and Class Reptilia. Both sections begin with an introductory chapter. The Amphibia section consists of five chapters detailing the following information about order Anura: history of discovery; collection and preservation; morphology and physiology; natural history; and biogeography and phylogeny. Five chapters follow covering families: Myobatrachidae; Hylidae; Microhylidae; Ranidae; and Bufonidae. The Reptilia section begins with two chapters on history of discovery and collection and preservation. The rest of the section is sub-divided into order Chelonia, Squamata, and Crocodylia. Each order sub-division contains chapters detailing: morphology and physiology; natural history; and biogeography and phylogeny. The following Chelonia families are covered: Cheloniidae; Dermochelyidae; Chelidae; and Carettochelyidae. The following Squamata families also have individual chapters: Gekkonidae; Pygopodidae; Agamidae; Varanidae; Scincidae; Typhlopidae; Boidae; Colubridae; Elapidae; Hydrophiidae; and Acrochordidae. In each of the family chapters information is included on: history of discovery; morphology and physiology; life history; ecology; behaviour; distribution; and phylogeny. -S.R.Harris','book','Australian Govt. Pub. Service Canberra','','NOCH IMPORTIEREN',NULL),(311,'Feeding behaviour of the Madagascar leaf-nosed snake, Langaha madagascariensis, KRYSKO 2005','Feeding behaviour of the Madagascar leaf-nosed snake, Langaha madagascariensis (Serpentes: Colubridae: Pseudoxyrhophiinae), with an alternative hypothesis for its bizarre head structure. ','Krysko, K. L.','2005',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'African Journal of Herpetology 54:195-200.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(210,'Field Guide to the [...] Reptiles of Arusha National Park (Tanzania), RAZZETTI & MSUYA 2002','Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Arusha National Park (Tanzania)','Edoardo Razzetti, Charles Andekia Msuya','2002','Tanzania is internationally recognised as a key country for the conservation of African biological diversity. Its herpetofauna numbers about 130 amphibians and over 275 reptiles, many of them strictly endemic and included in the “IUCN” Red lists of different countries. This unique resource is still relatively unknown even if amphibians and reptiles are ideal subjects for zoological inventories and biogeographical analysis as they are relatively easy to survey and often strictly related to a particular environment. Moreover, since 1989 the scientific community has started to realise that amphibians are declining in many areas of the world and that they are more sensitive than other species to diverse environmental modifications. This is probably due to the fact that their larval and adult stages occupy different habitats and have limited vagility (Stebbins & Cohen, 1995; Houlahan et al., 2000). Despite its importance, the Arusha National Park herpetofauna has never been completely studied up to now, even if some scientific papers showed already its peculiarity and importance. The aim of this booklet is to fill the existing gap in the literature and to provide a stimulus that will strengthen ecological tourism in the park. Visitors will be encouraged to appreciate also this fascinating and a bit mysterious component of the ecosystems.','book','TANAPA, Tanzania National Parks',NULL,NULL,NULL),(214,'Field Identidication Guide to the living Marine Ressources of Pakistan, PSOMADAKIS ET AL 2015','Field Identidication Guide to the living Marine Ressources of Pakistan','Peter Nick Psomadakis, Hamid Badar Osmany, Muhammad Moazzam ','2015','This field guide covers the major resource groups likely to be encountered in the fisheries of Pakistan. This includes shrimps, lobsters, crabs, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods, sharks, batoid fishes, bony fishes, and sea snakes. Each resource group is introduced by a general section on technical terms and measurements pertinent to that group and an illustrated guide to orders and families of the group. The more important species are treated in detail with accounts providing scientific nomenclature, FAO names in English and French (where available), local names used in Pakistan, diagnostic features, one or more illustrations, maximum size, and notes on fisheries and habitat. Colour plates for a large number of the species are included. The guide is fully indexed and a list of further literature is appended.','book','Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Marine Fisheries Department, Ministry of Ports & Shipping, Government of Pakistan',NULL,NULL,NULL),(159,'First record of [...] Melanophidium wynaudense [...] from the Central Western Ghats, India, GANEH ET AL 2012','First record of Wayanad shieldtail Melanophidium wynaudense (Beddome, 1863) from the Central Western Ghats, India','S. R. Ganesh, P. Gowri Shankar & R. Sreekar','2012',NULL,'scientific paper','Centre for Herpetology, Madras Crocodile Bank Trust','Hamadryad Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 53 – 56, 2012.',NULL,NULL),(333,'FitzSimons\' snakes of southern Africa, BROADLEY 1983','FitzSimons\' snakes of southern Africa','Broadley, D. G. ','1983',NULL,'book',NULL,'Delta Books','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(321,'Genital morphology and systematics of Geodipsas, ZIEGLER ET AL 1997','Genital morphology and systematics of Geodipsas Boulenger, 1896 (Reptilia: Serpentes: Colubridae), with description of a new genus.','Ziegler, T., Vences, M., Glaw, F., & Böhme, W. ','1997',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 104(1), 95-114.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(25,'Get an eyeful of this: a new species of giant spitting cobra [...] Naja ashei, WÜSTER & BROADLEY 2007','Get an eyeful of this: a new species of giant spitting cobra from eastern and north-eastern Africa (Squamata: Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja) [Naja ashei]','Wolfgang Wüster, Donald G. Broadley','2007','We describe a new species of giant spitting cobra, Naja ashei sp. nov., from eastern and north-eastern Africa. The species was previously regarded as a colour phase of the black-necked spitting cobra, N. nigricollis. However, mtDNA sequence data show it to be more closely related to N. mossambica than N. nigricollis. The new species is diagnosable from all other African spitting cobras by the possession of a unique clade of mtDNA haplotypes and a combination of colour pattern and scalation characteristics. Its distribution includes the dry lowlands of northern and eastern Kenya, north-eastern Uganda, southern Ethiopia and southern Somalia.','scientific paper','Magnolia Press','Zootaxa 1532: 51–68 (2007)','',NULL),(219,'Giant Constrictors: [...] Risk Assessment for Nine Large Species of Pythons, Anacondas, and the Boa Constrictor, REED & RODDA 2009','Giant Constrictors: Biological and Management Profiles and an Establishment Risk Assessment for Nine Large Species of Pythons, Anacondas, and the Boa Constrictor','Robert N. Reed, Gordon H. Rodda','2009','In this report, we compile summaries of the biology of nine very large constrictor species and consider what effects these species might have on the ecology, economy, and domestic tranquility of the United States were such snakes to become established. Representatives of each group have been discovered in the wild in Florida, though evidence of reproduction is presently available for only three species, the Burmese Python (Python molurus bivittatus), the Northern African Python (Python sebae), and the Boa Constrictor (Boa constrictor). The occurrence of these three large constrictors in the wild in the same area of Florida may be a coincidence, but southern Florida has a climate that may be suitable for all of the giant constrictors and much of the commercial trade in giant constrictors passes through southern Florida. Thus the probability of exotic species establishment is greater in south Florida, though not limited to it. For each of the nine giant constrictor species under consideration, we review their climate tolerances and the areas of the country at risk (see section 10.2 in each of the species accounts: chapters Four–Nine). However, because we have established populations in south Florida, our geographic focus will always include Florida.','book','U.S. Geological Survey','Open-File Report 2009–1202, 302 p.',NULL,NULL),(356,'Giant Snakes – A Natural History, MURPHY, CRUTCHFIELD 2019','Giant Snakes – A Natural History','John C. Murphy, Tom Crutchfield','2019','Since the publication of Tales of Giant Snakes (Murphy and Henderson, 1997),\r\nmuch of what we know about the largest snakes in the world has changed. The fossil\r\nrecord has revealed remains of a truly colossal snake, Titanoboa, that was living in\r\nnortheastern Colombia 58 to 60 Ma. Evidence and hypotheses about how snakes\r\nevolved their giant size have become more detailed, and ecological field studies of\r\ngiant snakes have become much more common. Giant and near-giant snakes are\r\nmore popular than ever in the pet trade; these “designer snakes” are bred in captivity\r\nfor their unique colors and patterns. The novelty skin industry is consuming giant\r\nsnakes in higher numbers than ever before. Giant snakes have become invasive in\r\nsouthern Florida. Of lesser importance, the record Murphy and Henderson (1997)\r\nconsidered as representing the largest known extant snake has proved to be false. This\r\nhas happened to many previous records believed to be valid. Extant giant snakes do\r\nnot get as long or as massive as most people think based on the liberal acceptance of\r\nold and unreliable records that have been published and republished for many years.\r\nMurphy and Henderson (1997) defined giant snakes as those species that exceed\r\n20 feet (6.1 m). In this book, we will continue with that definition for giant species\r\nand describe the near-giant species as those that approach 6.1 m, but may not reach\r\nit. At this point, the extant giant snakes appear to be the Green Anaconda (Eunectes\r\nmurinus) of South America, the Reticulated Python (Malayopython reticulatus) and\r\nBurmese Python (Python bivittatus) of Southeast Asia, the South African Python\r\n(Python natalensis), North African Python (Python sebae) from sub-Saharan Africa,\r\nand Kinghorn’s Scrub Python (Morelia kinghorni) of northern Australia.\r\nNear-giants are the Indian Python (Python molurus), and the Western Olive\r\nPython (Liasis olivaceus barroni) from northern Australia. Other species that obtain\r\nsignificant size are discussed: the Oenpelli Python (Simalia oenpelliensis) from\r\nAustralia, the Papuan Python (Apodora papuana) from New Guinea, and the Cuban\r\nBoa, (Chilabothrus angulifer). A discussion of the Boa Constrictor (Boa constrictor)\r\nis included, not because it’s a giant snake—but because so many people think it is!\r\nOn March 6, 2015, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFW) finalized the\r\nConstrictor Rule, a controversial policy designed to reduce the probability that\r\nmore invasive constricting snakes will find their way into ecosystems in the U.S.\r\nThe Constrictor Rule declared the Reticulated Python, DeSchauensee’s Anaconda,\r\nGreen Anaconda and Beni Anaconda as “injurious” under the Lacey Act. A fifth\r\nspecies, the Boa Constrictor, was removed from consideration for listing as an injurious\r\nwildlife species after an outcry from keepers of pet snakes and their lobbying organization, the United States Association of Reptile Keepers (USARK), applied\r\npolitical pressure for the Boa Constrictor removal from the listing.\r\nThe rule sparked considerable controversy because these species are in the pet\r\ntrade and the designer snake industry, and some are already established as invasive\r\nspecies in southern Florida. This book is not intended to be a platform for political\r\nactivism. It is about science, natural history, and how humans and exceptionally large\r\nserpents relate to each other. Both authors have kept giant and near-giant snakes in\r\ncaptivity for decades, and we can sympathize with those who want to maintain and\r\nbreed giant snakes in captivity. They are amazing animals, and there is much to be\r\nlearned from their lives in captivity as well as in the wild. Keeping them in captivity\r\nis challenging because of their size and food requirements, and we discuss this at\r\nlength in one of the chapters. However, in a foreign landscape, they are capable of\r\ndevastating the local fauna. The argument for keeping giant snakes in captivity can\r\nbe reduced to individual rights versus the common environmental good.\r\nThis book is not a reworked Tales of Giant Snakes. It is an updated look at the\r\nscientific and popular literature, as well as personal experiences and those of people\r\nthe authors know. It is intended to provide a context for giant snakes and their many\r\nrelationships with humans.\r\nIf you are a reader unfamiliar with the term clade, it refers to an ancestor and\r\nall of its descendants. Clades by definition are monophyletic; that is, they have one\r\nancestor. Thus, a group of species that shared a common ancestor forms a clade.\r\nIn traditional classification, a genus is a clade. In traditional classification, all the\r\nmembers of a family, in theory, should share a single ancestor, making it also a clade.\r\nAlthough this book was written for the general public, we have included a section\r\ntargeted to people who keep giant snakes as pets but may not be as familiar with\r\nthem as we are. Generating an appreciation of giant snakes, their evolution, and the\r\nscience that builds knowledge of the natural world are also on our list of goals for\r\nthis book.\r\nCommon English and scientific names are provided. The scientific name is\r\nfollowed by the name of the person(s) who originally described the species. If the\r\nperson’s name is in parentheses, it means the species is now placed in a different\r\ngenus than it was when it was first described.\r\nThe maps were made using ArcView, with localities obtained from VertNet and\r\nthe literature. Climatic map data were obtained from GLDAS (Global Land Data\r\nAssimilation System).','book','Book Services, www.BookServices.us',NULL,NULL,NULL),(4,'gifte.de','gifte.de','Ralf Rebmann','2017','','website','Ralf Rebmann','','',NULL),(178,'Giftschlangen: Alle Arten der Welt in ihren Lebensräumen, O\'SHEA 2006','Giftschlangen: Alle Arten der Welt in ihren Lebensräumen','Mark O\'Shea','2006','Giftschlangen - wo leben sie, wie jagen sie, wie verteidigen sie sich und wie ziehen sie ihre Jungen auf? Begleiten Sie den Herpetologie-Experten Mark O\'Shea bei seinen Begegnungen mit indischen Brillenkobras, australischen Taipanen und afrikanischen Gabonvipern. Eindrucksvolle Fotos und neueste biologische Details kombiniert mit den persönlichen Erfahrungen des Autors machen diesen Bildband zu einer einzigartigen Lektüre für interessierte Laien und Fachleute.','book','Franck-Kosmos Verlags GmbH & Co KG','','PAPER MISSING Deutsche Übersetzung von: Venomous snakes of the world, New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd.',NULL),(5,'goruma.de','goruma.de','Anonymous (Team Goruma)','0000','','website','Goruma','','',NULL),(247,'Growth and Reproduction of the Sea Snake, Emydocephalus ijimae, MASUNGA & OTA 2003','Growth and Reproduction of the Sea Snake, Emydocephalus ijimae , in the Central Ryukyus, Japan: a Mark and Recapture Study','Gen Masunaga, Hidetoshi Ota','2003','A mark and recapture study was carried out for three years on a population of the Ijima’s sea snake, Emydocephalus ijimae , in the coastal shallow water of Zamamijima Island, central Ryukyus, Japan. The relatively high recapture (47% of 167 marked snakes) suggests that E. ijimae is a particularly philopatric, sedentary species among the sea snakes. The sex ratio (male: female), approximately 1.6:1, significantly skewed from 1:1. The growth rate in SVL declined with growth, with females thoroughly growing better than males. Males and females were estimated to begin reproductive activity in the second or third summer and the third spring after birth, respectively. Frequency of female reproduction is guessed to vary from annual to biennial, or even less frequent.','scientific paper','Zoological Society of Japan','ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 20: 461–470 (2003), http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.20.461','',NULL),(8,'Haltung, Nachzucht und Toxin des Indischen Kraits, Bungarus caeruleus [...], ROEMER & ROEMER 2006','Haltung, Nachzucht und Toxin des Indischen Kraits, Bungarus caeruleus (SCHNEIDER, 1801)','Klaus Roemer & Mojgan Mahyar-Roemer','2006','Während sich viele der häufiger gepflegten Giftnattern, insbesondere Kobras und Mambas, als dankbare, ausdauernde und zumeist leicht zu pflegende und zur Fortpflanzung zu bewegende Terrarieninsassen erweisen, gelten die Kraits – mit Ausnahme des Vielbindenkraits (Bungarus multicinctus) und des Malaiischen Kraits (B. candidus) – gemeinhin als schwierig. Hierfür sind wohl insbesondere die Neigung dieser Tiere zum Verzehr von Schlangen und ihre oftmals hartnäckige Verweigerung alternativer Nahrung verantwortlich zu machen.','article','Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde (DGHT)','Elaphe 14 (2006) Heft 1','',NULL),(70,'Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas - Band 3/I [...], BÖHME 1993','Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas, Band 3/I Schlangen (Serpentes) I','Wolfgang Böhme (Hrsg.)','1993','','book','AULA Verlag Wiesbaden','ISBN 3-89104-003-2','NOCH IMPORTIEREN',NULL),(71,'Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas - Band 3/II [...], BÖHME 1999','Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas - Band 3/II: Schlangen (Serpentes) II','Wolfgang Böhme (Hrsg.)','1999','','book','AULA Verlag Wiesbaden','ISBN 3-89104-616-2','NOCH IMPORTIEREN',NULL),(72,'Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas - Band 3/IIB [...], JOGER & STÜMPEL 2005','Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas - Band 3/IIB. Schlangen (Serpentes) III, Viperidae','Ulrich Joger, Nikolaus Stümpel (Hrsg.)','2005','','book','AULA Verlag Wiesbaden','ISBN: 3-89104-617-0','NOCH IMPORTIEREN',NULL),(102,'Hepatic and renal tissue damages induced by Cerastes cerastes gasperetti crude venom, AL-SADOON ET AL 2013','Hepatic and renal tissue damages induced by Cerastes cerastes gasperetti crude venom','Mohamed K. Al-Sadoon, Ahmed E. Abdel Moneim, Diab MS and Amira A. Bauomy','2013','Snakebite remains an important medical problem in both developing and developed countries because; it is an important cause of mortality and morbidity. Viper snakes are widely distributed in desert areas; the Cerastes cerastes gasperetti is one member of the family Viperidae where their bites are a serious threat to life and since Cerastes cerastes gasperetti venom has received little interest, this study was designed to investigate the effect of LD50 of Cerastes cerastes gasperetti crude venom on histopathological changes as well as on some important serum and tissue homogenates (liver and kidney) parameters. In addition, Cerastes cerastes gasperetti crude venom caused hepatic and renal injuries as indicated by histopathological changes in the liver and kidney tissues. Serum ALT, AST activities, total bilirubin, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels were all increased. On contrary, serum levels of ALP, γ-GT, albumin, uric acid and glucose were decreased as a result of envenomation. Kidney and liver lipid profile levels, glycogen content in kidney were also decreased, in contrast, glycogen content in liver and LDH activity in renal and hepatic homogenates expressed an increment as a result. On the basis of the above results it can hypothesize that Cerastes cerastes gasperetti crude venom is potent toxin-mediated hepatorenal toxicity and causes disturbance in carbohydrates and lipids metabolism.','scientific paper','Life Science Journal','Life Sci J 2013;10(4):191-197] (ISSN:1097-8135)','',NULL),(122,'Hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by Naja haje crude venom, AL-QURAISHY 2014','Hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by Naja haje crude venom','Saleh Al-Quraishy, Mahamed A Dkhil and Ahmed Esmat Abdel Moneim','2014','Abstract Background: Snake venoms are synthesized and stored in venom glands. Most venoms are complex mixtures of several proteins, peptides, enzymes, toxins and non-protein components. In the present study, we investigated the oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat liver cells provoked by Naja haje crude injection (LD50) after four hours. Methods: Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups, the control group was intraperitoneally injected with saline solution while LD50-dose envenomed group was intraperitoneally injected with venom at a dose of 0.025 μg/kg of body weight. Animals were killed four hours after the injection. Lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide and glutathione levels were measured as oxidative markers in serum and liver homogenate. In addition, liver function parameters and activities of antioxidant enzymes were determined. Results: N. haje crude venom (0.025 μg/kg of body weight) enhanced lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide production in both serum and liver with concomitant reduction in glutathione, catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-Stransferase activities. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly increased in liver of envenomed rats. These findings were associated with apoptosis induction in the liver. In addition, N. haje crude venom caused hepatic injury as indicated by histopathological changes in the liver tissue with an elevation in total bilirubin, serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, and alkaline phosphatase. Conclusions: Based on the present results, it can hypothesized that N. haje crude venom is a potent inducer of toxin-mediated hepatotoxicity associated with apoptosis in the liver. Keywords: Naja haje venom, Hepatotoxicity, Oxidative stress, Apoptosis, Rats','scientific paper',' Al-Quraishy et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.','Al-Quraishy et al. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases 2014, 20:42 http://www.jvat.org/content/20/1/42','',NULL),(227,'Herpetofaunal diversity in Mahausakande: A regenerating Rainforest in Sri Lanka, WICKRAMASINGHE 2012','Herpetofaunal diversity in Mahausakande: A regenerating Rainforest in Sri Lanka','Mendis Wickramasinghe, Channa Bambaradeniya, Dulan Vidanapathirana, D.M.S. Suranjan Karunarathna','2012','A systematic survey was conducted to assess the diversity of herpetofauna in the Mahausakande regenerating tropical rainforest (MRF) in Kiriella, Sri Lanka. Approximately 900 man hours were spent in the field over a period of four months to document amphibians and reptiles in representative habitat types, using different sampling methods. A total of 21 species of amphibians and 45 species of reptiles were recorded from MRF, of which 15 amphibians and 26 reptile species are endemic. The reptiles include 24 species of snakes, and 21 species of tetrapod reptiles. Among the endemics were three amphibian genera and six reptile genera. Two specimens of burrowing snakes (Typhlops sp.) collected may be new to science, and these will be further examined in the future. The most common species observed in MRF include the Common Paddy Field Frog (Zakerana syhadrensis), Zara’s Hump-nosed Viper (Hypnale zara), and the Kangaroo Lizard (Otocryptis wiegmanni). Of the total herpetofaunal species recorded in MRF, 11 species (16%) are considered as nationally threatened. The survey recognized several species of amphibians and reptiles that could be used as important ecological indicators to monitor the quality of habitats in the Mahausakande regenerating forest. The findings of the survey resulted in a two-fold increase in the herpetofaunal species recorded in MRF. The data gathered from the survey was also used for upgrading the IUCN National Red List.','scientific paper','Mahausakande Tropical Rainforest Regeneration Initiative','Mahausakande Tropical Rainforest Regeneration Initiative, Research Paper No.1, 40 pp',NULL,NULL),(35,'Herpetological Diversity of Timor-Leste [...], O\'SHEA ET AL 2015','Herpetological Diversity of Timor-Leste: Updates and a Review of Species Distributions','Mark O’Shea, Caitlin Sanchez, Andrew Katrhriner, Sven Mecke, Venancio Lopes Carvalho, Agivedo Varela Ribeiro, Zito Afranio Soares, Luis Lemos de Araujo, Hinrich Kaiser','2015','We report the results of five herpetological surveys during 2011–2013 that included visits to all districts of Timor-Leste (Aileu, Ainaro, Baucau, Bobonaro, Dili, Covalima, Ermera, Lautém, Liquiça, Manatuto, Manufahi, Viqueque) except the Oecusse exclave. Our fieldwork culminated in the discovery of one putative new frog species (genus Kaloula), at least five putative new lizard species (genera Cyrtodactylus, Cryptoblepharus, and Sphenomorphus), and two putative new snake species (genera Stegonotus and Indotyphlops). In addition, we present new distribution records of amphibians and reptiles for 11 of the country’s 12 contiguous districts, along with additional natural history data. Results from our surveys increase the number of amphibian and reptiles known to occur in Timor-Leste from 22 species before our surveys began to over 60, including over 20 as yet undescribed species.','scientific paper','Asian Herpetological Research','Asian Herpetological Research 2015, 6(2): 73–131; DOI: 10.16373/j.cnki.ahr.140066','NOCH IMPORTIEREN',NULL),(94,'Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles, VITT & CALDWELL 2014','Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles','Laurie J. Vitt and Janalee P. Caldwell','2014','We are now in the Fourth Edition of Herpetology, and advances in the field have been remarkable. The global interest in herpetology has increased dramatically, with new professional societies emerging in nearly every country and literally thousands of bright, enthusiastic herpetologists entering the field. Perusal of nearly every scientific jour-nal reveals author lines with new names, many of which will make significant contributions to the field throughout their entire careers. Technological and analytical advances in phylogenetics have not only resulted in new phylogenetic hypotheses for clades of amphibians and reptiles, but have resulted in reinterpretations of ecological and behavioral phenomena. Most striking is the impact of phylogenetics on historical biogeography and related fields. Not only can we trace the history of clades on a global level, we can also add a time component to the divergence histories of clades based on evolutionary rates of genes. These independently derived divergence histories can then be used to integrate the evolution of clades with the geological history of the planet.','book','Elsevier Inc.','ISBN: 978-0-12-386919-7','NOCH IMPORTIEREN',NULL),(293,'Hinged teeth in snakes: an adaptation for swallowing hard-bodied prey, SAVITZKY 1981 ','Hinged teeth in snakes: an adaptation for swallowing hard-bodied prey. ','Savitzky, A. H. ','1981',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Science 212:346-349.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(77,'Histopathological Changes Induced by Single Dose of LD50 Naja naja Snake Venom, MORAD 2013','Histopathological Changes Induced by Single Dose of LD50 Naja naja Snake Venom on the Liver of Male Albino Rats','Taha Sh Morad','2013','Background The common sign of snake envenomation is hepatotoxicity or liver injury that is dependent on quality  and quantity of venom. Objective To clarify the effect of intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of LD50   dose of Naja naja snake venom on the hepatic tissues of albino rats after 3 and 24 hr from envenoming respectively. Methods The rats were divided into 3 groups, the first group served as a control group, while the other groups 2 and 3 were treated with the snake venom (0.05 µg/g body weight i.p) and sacrificed by decapitation after 3 and 24 hours of the snake venom injection respectively. The livers were isolated and histological sections were prepared. Results Intraperitoneal LD50 for Naja naja snake cobra was determined in rats to be equal to 0.05 µg/g body weight. Histopathological changes in liver tissues after 3 hr from injection were congestion of the central veins, congested liver sinusoids, leucocytes infiltration, cytoplasmic vacuolization and nuclear pyknosis, cellular swelling and necrosis of some cells. While histopathological changes in liver tissues after 24h from injection were the same signs in addition to cellular swelling, necrosis and damage of the injured hepatocytes with acute inflammation cells infiltration. Conclusion The injection of LD50 dose of Naja naja snake venomin rats can induce hepatic damage and hepatotixicity in albino rats.','scientific paper','Al-Nahrain College of Medicine','IRAQI J MED SCI, 2013; VOL. 11(1), pp. 18-21','',NULL),(100,'Hump-nosed viper bite: an important [...] cause of systemic envenoming, SHIVANTHAN ET AL 2014','Hump-nosed viper bite: an important but under-recognized cause of systemic envenoming','Mitrakrishnan Chrishan Shivanthan, Jevon Yudhishdran, Rayno Navinan and Senaka Rajapakse','2014','Hump-nosed viper bites are common in the Indian subcontinent. In the past, hump-nosed vipers (Hypnale species) were considered moderately venomous snakes whose bites result mainly in local envenoming. However, a variety of severe local effects, hemostatic dysfunction, microangiopathic hemolysis, kidney injury and death have been reported following envenoming by Hypnale species. We systematically reviewed the medical literature on the epidemiology, toxin profile, diagnosis, and clinical, laboratory and postmortem features of hump-nosed viper envenoming, and highlight the need for development of an effective antivenom.','scientific paper','Shivanthan et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.','Shivanthan et al. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases 2014, 20:24; http://www.jvat.org/content/20/1/24','',NULL),(355,'Hunter–gatherers and other primates as prey,\r\npredators, and competitors of snakes, HEADLAND, GREENE 2011','Hunter–gatherers and other primates as prey,\r\npredators, and competitors of snakes\r\n\r\n','Thomas N. Headland, Harry W. Greene','2011','Relationships between primates and snakes are of widespread\r\ninterest from anthropological, psychological, and evolutionary\r\nperspectives, but surprisingly, little is known about the dangers\r\nthat serpents have posed to people with prehistoric lifestyles and\r\nnonhuman primates. Here, we report ethnographic observations\r\nof 120 Philippine Agta Negritos when they were still preliterate\r\nhunter–gatherers, among whom 26% of adult males had survived\r\npredation attempts by reticulated pythons. Six fatal attacks occurred between 1934 and 1973. Agta ate pythons as well as deer,\r\nwild pigs, and monkeys, which are also eaten by pythons, and\r\ntherefore, the two species were reciprocally prey, predators, and\r\npotential competitors. Natural history data document snake predation on tree shrews and 26 species of nonhuman primates as\r\nwell as many species of primates approaching, mobbing, killing,\r\nand sometimes eating snakes. These findings, interpreted within\r\nthe context of snake and primate phylogenies, corroborate the\r\nhypothesis that complex ecological interactions have long characterized our shared evolutionary history.','scientific paper','PNAS ','https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1115116108\r\n\r\nPNAS | December 27, 2011 | vol. 108 | no. 52',NULL,NULL),(305,'Identity, systematic position and Malagasy origin of the snake Elapotinus picteti  [...], and synonymy of Exallodontophis, KUCHARZEWSKI ET AL 2014','A taxonomic mystery for more than 150 years: Identity, systematic position and Malagasy origin of the snake Elapotinus picteti Jan, 1862, and synonymy of Exallodontophis Cadle, 1999 (Serpentes: Lamprophiidae).','Kucharzewski, C., A. P. Raselimanana, C. Wang, and F. Glaw.','2014',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Zootaxa 3852:179-202.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(36,'Il libro completo dei serpenti [...], MATTISON & MONGINI 1999','Il libro completo dei serpenti. Oltre 3000 specie di tutto il mondo','Chris Mattison, M. Mongini','1999','Un libro con molte fotografie che esplorano il comportamento di questi affascinanti animali. L\'introduzione di carattere divulgativo illustra le caratteristiche fisiche dei serpenti, in particolare come si cibano, come attaccano, come si riproducono. Una serie di fotografie presenta più di 60 esemplari di specie diverse provenienti da tutto il mondo. La parte finale del libro propone un repertorio di tutte le specie di serpenti del mondo.','book','Dorling Kindersley','ISBN-10: 8841576111, ISBN-13: 978-8841576113','PAPER MISSING',NULL),(125,'Immunohistochemical investigation of [...] cobra-envenomed rats, RAHMY & HASSONA 2004','Immunohistochemical investigation of neuronal injury in cerebral cortex of cobra-envenomed rats','Rahmy T.R.; Hassona I.A.','2004','The immunohistochemical expression of neuron-specific enolase, NSE (a cytoplasmic glycolytic enzyme of the neurons), synaptophysin, SYN (a major membrane glycoprotein of synaptic vesicles), and Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic protein) were determined in cerebral cortex of rats envenomed with neurotoxic venom from Egyptian cobra. Male rats were intramuscularly (IM) injected with a single injection of either physiological saline solution or ½ LD50 or LD50 of cobra venom and sacrificed 24, 48, or 72 hr after envenoming. Formalin-fixed paraffin sections were immunohistochemically studied by avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. Neuron histological structure and isolation of genomic DNA were also detected. The results showed a dose and time-dependent increase in NSE and SYN immunoreactivity in cerebral cortex of envenomed rats except in 72 hr high dose envenoming, where decreased SYN was observed. On the other hand, low dose venom induced high Bcl-2 expression 24 hr after envenoming, while the high dose decreased Bcl-2 protein expression. Temporal and spatial Bcl-2 expression was accompanied by DNA fragmentation in cerebral cortex of all envenomed rats, although no serious histological alterations were noticed. These results suggest that cobra venom may lead to neuronal injury and impairment of axonal transport as ascertained by alterations in NSE and SYN immunoreactivity. It could also indicate that venom alters the molecular machinery of apoptosis by inhibiting Bcl-2 expression; however, some vulnerable cells have the ability to overcome this by increasing Bcl-2 protein. These immunohistochemical investigations can be used as tools for detecting neuronal abnormalities even before the occurrence of any histological alterations in case of cerebral cortex neurotoxicity.  Key words: immunohistochemistry, neuron specific enolase, synaptophysin, Bcl-2, cerebral cortex, cobra snake venom.','scientific paper','Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases','Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases On-line version ISSN 1678-9199 J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis vol.10 no.1 Botucatu  2004  http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-91992004000100005 ','',NULL),(264,'In praise of subgenera: taxonomic status of cobras of the genus Naja Laurenti, VAN WALLACH ET AL 2009','In praise of subgenera: taxonomic status of cobras of the genus Naja Laurenti (Serpentes: Elapidae)','VAN WALLACH, WOLFGANG WÜSTER  & DONALD G. BROADLEY','2009','The genus Naja Laurenti, 1768, is partitioned into four subgenera. The typical form is restricted to 11 Asian species. The name Uraeus Wagler, 1830, is revived for a group of four non-spitting cobras inhabiting savannas and open formations of Africa and Arabia, while Boulengerina Dollo, 1886, is applied to four non-spitting African species of forest cobras, including terrestrial, aquatic and semi-fossorial forms. A new subgenus is erected for seven species of African spitting cobras. We recommend the subgenus rank as a way of maximising the phylogenetic information content of classifications while retaining nomenclatural stability.','scientific paper','Magnolia Press ','Zootaxa 2236: 26–36 (2009); ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition); ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)',NULL,NULL),(123,'In vivo evaluation of homeostatic effects of Echis carinatus snake venom in Iran, SALMANIZADEH ET AL 2013','In vivo evaluation of homeostatic effects of Echis carinatus snake venom in Iran','Hossein Salmanizadeh, Mahdi Babaie and Hossein Zolfagharian','2013','Background: The venom of the family Viperidae, including the saw-scaled viper, is rich in serine proteinases and metalloproteinases, which affect the nervous system, complementary system, blood coagulation, platelet aggregation and blood pressure. One of the most prominent effects of the snake venom of Echis carinatus (Ec) is its coagulation activity, used for killing prey. Materials and methods: Subfractions F1A and F1B were isolated from Ec crude venom by a combination of gel chromatography (Sephadex G-75) and ion exchange chromatography on a DEAE-Sepharose (DE-52). These subfractions were then intravenously (IV) injected into NIH male mice. Blood samples were taken before and after the administration of these subfractions. Times for prothrombin, partial thromboplastin and fibrinogen were recorded. Results and conclusions: Comparison of the prothrombin time before and after F1A and F1B administrations showed that time for blood coagulation after injection is shorter than that of normal blood coagulation and also reduced coagulation time after Ec crude venom injection. This difference in coagulation time shows the intense coagulation activity of these subfractions that significantly increase the coagulation cascade rate and Causes to quick blood coagulation. The LD50 of the Ec crude venom was also determined to be 11.1 μg/mouse. Different crude venom doses were prepared with physiological serum and injected into four mice. Comparison of the prothrombin times after injection of subfractions F1A and F1B showed that the rate of mouse blood coagulation increases considerably. Comparing the partial thromboplastin times after injecting these subfractions with this normal test time showed that the activity rate of intrinsic blood coagulation system rose sharply in mice. Finally, by comparing the fibrinogen time after subfraction injections and normal test time, we can infer intense activation of coagulation cascade and fibrin production. Keywords: Snake venom, Procoagulant activity, Blood coagulation, Echis carinatus, Chromatography, LD50','scientific paper','Salmanizadeh et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd','Salmanizadeh et al. J Venom Anim Toxins incl Trop Dis. 2013, 19:3 http://www.jvat.org/content/19/1/3','NOCH IMPORTIEREN LD50',NULL),(59,'in vivo toxicity and in vitro cytotoxicity of venom from [...] Macrovipera lebetina lebetina, NALBANTSOY ET AL 2012','Determination of in vivo toxicity and in vitro cytotoxicity of venom from the Cypriot blunt-nosed viper Macrovipera lebetina lebetina and antivenom production','Nalbantsoy A, Karabay-Yavasoglu NU, Sayim F, Deliloglu-Gurhan I, Gocmen B, Arikan H, Yildiz MZ','2012','Abstract: The venomous Levantine viper, Macrovipera lebetina lebetina is endemic to Cyprus. The objective of this study was to investigate in vitro cytotoxicity, in vivo lethality, and antivenom production followed by a re-immunization schedule in mice against Macrovipera lebetina lebetina venom. The LD50 value was estimated as 7.58mg/kg within 24 hours by different venom doses administrated intraperitoneally in mice. Freund’s complete and incomplete adjuvants were used for first and second immunization of mice in antivenom production. A cell-based assay was performed to determine the effects of Macrovipera lebetina lebetina venom and antivenom neutralizing potency on L929 cell viability. The snake venom toxicity and cytotoxicity were examined and comparison of results showed good correlation, the LD50 value was tenfold higher than the IC50 value. The IC50 value was 0.62 ± 0.18 µg/mL after 48 hours treatment while the calculated value was 1.62 ± 0.25 µg/mL for the culture media totally refreshed after two hours treatment with venom. The in vitro efficacy of antivenom against Macrovipera lebetina lebetina venom was found to be low. This is the first report that describes the in vivo and in vitro toxic effects of Macrovipera lebetina lebetina venom and antivenom production against this species. Key words: Macrovipera lebetina lebetina, LD50, lethality, snake venom, antivenom.','scientific paper','The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases','The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases ISSN 1678-9199 | 2012 | volume 18 | issue 2 | pages 208-216','',NULL),(363,'Insights into the adaptive significance of vertical pupil shape in snakes (BRISCHOUX ET AL 2010)','Insights into the adaptive significance of vertical pupil shape in snakes','F. BRISCHOUX1, L. PIZZATTO & R. SHINE','2010','Pupil shape in vertebrates ranges from circular to vertical, with multiple\r\nphylogenetic shifts in this trait. Our analyses challenge the widely held view\r\nthat the vertical pupil evolved as an adaptation to enhance night vision. On\r\nfunctional grounds, a variable-aperture vertical pupil (i) allows a nocturnal\r\nspecies to have a sensitive retina for night vision but avoid dazzle by day by\r\nadjusting pupil closure, and (ii) increases visual acuity by day, because a\r\nnarrow vertical pupil can project a sharper image onto the retina in the\r\nhorizontal plane. Detection of horizontal movement may be critical for\r\npredators that wait in ambush for moving prey, suggesting that foraging mode\r\n(ambush predation) as well as polyphasic activity may favour the evolution of\r\nvertical pupil shape. Camouflage (disruption of the circular outline of the eye)\r\nalso may be beneficial for ambush predators. A comparative analysis in snakes\r\nreveals significant functional links between pupil shape and foraging mode, as\r\nwell as between pupil shape and diel timing of activity. Similar associations\r\nbetween ambush predation and vertically slit pupils occur in lizards and\r\nmammals also, suggesting that foraging mode has exerted major selective\r\nforces on visual systems in vertebrates.',NULL,'Journal of Evolutionary Biology · September 2010','https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02046.x',NULL,NULL),(252,'Integrative Systematics on Neotropical Snakes, JADIN 2013','Untangling a Phylogenetic Knot of Serpents: Integrative Systematics on Neotropical Snakes','Robert C. Jadin','2013','Taxonomy based on evolutionary relationships plays a critical role in science and society, as properly named units of biological diversity allows for immediate recognition of the general appearance and basic natural history of a particular lineage. Consequently, it could be argued that systematics, a field that investigates not only the classification of organisms but also their diversity and origins, is among the most important with relevance to all other disciplines within biology. The challenge is documenting species in nature; these units are there to find but doing so requires compiling a variety of different sources of data and methods to test hypotheses about diversity. Through this dissertation, I combine my background in classical taxonomy, natural history, and descriptive morphology with modern molecular phylogenetics, implementing Bayesian, Likelihood, and Parsimony optimality criteria, to stabilize taxonomy, detect cryptic diversity, and understand snake phylogeny. In particular, I incorporate important guidelines recently defined for integrative taxonomy, that assure accurate classification of biodiversity; these guidelines should become the new standard for all systematic revisions. To assess these guidelines, I have focused on a group and region where taxonomic and systematic knowledge is still very limited. Central and South American snakes are not only a point of continued systematic confusion but also understanding the evolutionary histories of venomous species may provide applications to medical treatment and human health. Using these methods of modern systematics I investigate two lineages of Neotropical snakes whose systematic history begins with classical Linnean taxonomy and progresses over the centuries with the advancement of systematic techniques. Cryptic lineages, in combination with inadequate sampling, obscure the complete diversity of this group. This dissertation incorporates several important sub-sections of systematics including an integrative systematic revision (chapter 2), detection of cryptic species (chapter 3), and placement of an enigmatic lineage within the tree of life (chapter 4). Overall, this research highlights how these guidelines for integrative taxonomy are paramount to achieving an informative and stable classification system. Systematic studies like this are becoming increasingly important in our current age of rapid biodiversity loss.','dissertation/thesis','Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado','Jadin, Robert C., ','',NULL),(83,'Intravenous dose-lethality study of American pit viper venoms in mice, CONSROE ET AL 1992','Intravenous dose-lethality study of American pit viper venoms in mice using standardized methods','PAUL CONSROE, PhD, KEVIN GERRISH, MS, NED EGEN, PhD and FINDLAY E. RUSSELL, MD, PhD','1992','An intravenous dose-lethality study of 14 clinically important North and South American pit viper venoms was carried out in mice using standardized, rigorous protocols developed to meet inter­national (WHO) guidelines and US government (FDA) regulations for the development of new treatment products. The study was undertaken in order to establish baseline LD50 values for the ongoing testing of a new crotalid antivenin FAB prepared from sheep immunoglobulin (IgG). The venoms (lyophilized and pooled from juvenile and adult snakes of both sexes) were taken from 10 rattlesnake (nine Crotalus and one Sistrurus) species, two Agkistrodon species, and two Bothrops species. The dose-response data were subjected to probit analysis. Median lethal dose (LD50) values and their 95% confidence limits (CL) were calculated and statistical comparisons between the median potencies were made. The intravenous LD50s (and 95% CL) ranged from a low of 0.13 (0.10-0.15) mg k g 1 for Crotalus durissus terrificus, to a high of 6.32 (5.76-6.94) mg kg-1 for Crotalus horridus horridus. Significant positive rank-order correlations were also found for compar­isons between the present LD50s and published LD50s for intravenous, intraperitoneal, and sub­cutaneous administration.','scientific paper','Chapman & Hall','Journal of Wilderness Medicine 3, 162-167 (1992)','NOCH IMPORTIEREN LD50 Batchimport',NULL),(259,'iucnredlist.org','IUCN Red List, iucnredlist.org','Anonymous (IUCN Red List)','0000','','database','IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature','http://www.iucnredlist.org','',NULL),(61,'Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society Vol. XIV, PHIPSON ET AL 1903','Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society Vol. XIV.','H.M. Phipson, C. M. Z. S and W.S. Millard','1903','Consisting of Five Parts and containing Thirty-eight Plates and Eighteen Woodcuts.','book','Bombay Natural History Society','','',NULL),(278,'King brown snake milking record broken, ANONYMOUS 2016','King brown snake milking record broken','','2016','A 2.5m king brown snake called Chewie has \"smashed\" the Australian Reptile Park\'s venom milking record. STAFF AT THE Australian Reptile Park on the NSW Central Coast have beaten their personal best on a rather unusual metric – extracting the most processed venom from a single yield from a king brown (or mulga) snake. The snake responsible for the record milking is called Chewie \"because he has one big bite,\" said the Park\'s Head of Reptiles, Billy Collett. “The existing record of freeze dried venom from Australian Reptile Park’s king brown milking program was 1.3g, yet we were able to extract over 1.5g of venom from Chewie,\" Billy said.','article','Australian Geographic Society','Australian Geographic: http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2016/04/king-brown-snake-milking-record-broken',NULL,NULL),(269,'Land snakes of medical significance in Malaysia, ISMAIL ET AL 2017','Land snakes of medical significance in Malaysia','Ahmad Khaldun Ismail, Teo Eng Wah, Indraneil Das, Taksa Vasaruchapong, Scott A. Weinstein','2017','While the majority of snakes occurring in Malaysia are not equipped with venom and constitute no threat to humans, a number of species can cause mild to severe envenoming that may lead to permanent disability or even death. The range of snakes of medical significance in Malaysia encompasses the family of Colubridae, Elapidae, Pythonidae and Viperidae. This book highlights thirty-five land snake species of medical significance with photographs from various contributors. It is easy to use and should be viewed as a guide, especially for healthcare providers to identify and manage potential envenoming from snakebites in Malaysia. The purpose of this book is also to increase public awareness on venomous and potentially dangerous land snakes in Malaysia.','book','Publisher: Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE) Malaysia','ISBN 978-967-0250-26-7','NOCH IMPORTIEREN ',NULL),(81,'LD50 of Cerastes cerastes gasperetti crude venom in mice, AL-SADOON ET AL 2013','Histochemical and Biolchemical effects induced by LD50 of Cerastes cerastes gasperetti crude venom in mice','Mohamed K. Al-Sadoon, Ahmed E. Abdel Moneim, Amira A. Bauomy and Marwa S. M. Diab','2013','Snake venoms comprise mixtures of enzymes and proteins that act on vital systems of the victim. The present study aimed to investigate the histochemical and biochemical effects of the horned viper (Cerastes cerastes gasperetti: Ccg) snake venom in mice. Thirty six male adult Swiss albino mice (20–25g) were injected intraperitoneally and divided into 2 groups (n=18): control group injected with 200 μl saline solution and group (2) injected with LD50 of Ccg venom (0.978 mg/kg). Liver, kidney and testis were collected from six mice after 1, 3 and 6 hours, post envenomation. Histological examination of testis sections after1, 3 and 6 hours, post envenomation showed seminferous tubules displaying an impairment of spermatogenesis stages arrangement with severe vacuolization of most affected tubules and appearance of pyknotic spermatocyt. Histochemical investigations revealed marked reduction in both carbohydrates and proteins after injection of LD50 of Ccg crude venom at the different time. Oxidative stress biomarkers malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite/nitrate levels, antioxidants glutathione (GSH) content and catalase (CAT) activity were assayed in tissues homogenates. The venom induced significant increases in the levels of MDA and nitrite/nitrate while the content of GSH and the activity of CAT were significantly decreased, especially after 6 hours of envenomation. The results revealed that the Ccg venom induced time-dependant significant increases in the levels of MDA and nitrite/nitrate in all examined organs, especially in the hepatic tissues. It can be concluded that cytotoxic effects of Ccg venom might be related to induction of excessive oxidative stress and histochemical alternations in organs of the envenomated animals. [Al-Sadoon MK, Abdel Moneim AE, Bauomy AA, Diab MM. Histochemical and Biolchemical effects induced by LD50 of Cerastes cerastes gasperetti crude venom in mice. Life Sci J 2013;10(4):810-817] (ISSN:1097-8135).  http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 102','scientific paper','Marsland Press / Zhengzhou University','Life Science Journal 2013;10(4) , pp.810-817 ','',NULL),(334,'Le genre Ithycyphus Günther, 1873; description de deux espèces nouvelles, DOMERGUE 1986','Notes sur les serpents de la région malgache. VI. Le genre Ithycyphus Günther, 1873; description de deux espèces nouvelles. ','Domergue, C. A.','1986',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Bull. Mus. natn. Hist nat., Paris, ser, 4(8), 409-434.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(198,'Les serpents d’Afrique occidentale et centrale, CHIPPAUX 2006','Les serpents d’Afrique occidentale et centrale','Jean-Philippe Chippaux','2006',NULL,'book','IRD',NULL,NULL,NULL),(6,'Les serpents marins, MORELON 2015','Les serpents marins','Raymond Morelon','2015','Les serpents ont toujours éveillé en moi une fascination mêlée de crainte. Voici déjà quelques lustres, à la faculté, m’étant approché, pour mieux voir, d’un collègue manipulant un serpent je n’ai pas tardé à reculer trouvant que l’animal s’intéressait un peu trop à ma personne… Des années plus tard, alors que je plongeais en Nouvelle Calédonie, j’ai saisi un serpent par la queue me fiant à une réputation de placidité de certaines espèces. Celui-ci s’est immédiatement retourné contre moi... Nous nous sommes fait peur mutuellement…J’ai souhaité en savoir plus sur le comportement et la biologie de ces animaux. La France est responsable de beaucoup de côtes en régions tropicales. De nos jours les voyages proposés aux plongeurs les emmènent dans des régions où ils rencontrent ou rencontreront des serpents marins. Il m’est apparu intéressant de proposer aux plus curieux d’entre eux un résumé des informations concernant ces espèces et leur dangerosité. C’est le sujet de ce mémoire.','book','Commission Nationale Environnement et Biologie Subaquatiques','','Informational brochure for sports divers.',NULL),(229,'List of Snakes of Tam-Dao Mountain Ridge (Tonkin, Vietnam), ORLOV ET AL 2000','List of Snakes of Tam-Dao Mountain Ridge (Tonkin, Vietnam)','Nikolai L. Orlov, Robert W. Murphy,  Theodore J. Papenfuss','2000','Tam Dao mountain ridge extends from the northwest to the south-east for 80 km within the limits of Vinh Phu and Bac Thai Provinces. Diversity of the fauna of snakes of this mountain ridge is very high. Rene Bourret (1934, 1935, 1936) made first and important contribution to the knowledges on the fauna of snakes of Tam Dao. In our paper we present the results of own long-term field work in this area (1987 – 2000). During description of distribution and analysis of taxonomic status and nomenclature were used the main books and papers that characterized the fauna of snakes of this region (Bourret, 1934, 1935, 1936; Smith, 1943; Inger and Marx, 1965; Taylor, 1965; Campden-Main, 1970; Deuve, 1970; Saint Girons, 1972; Hoge and Romano-Hoge, 1981; Mahendra, 1984; Ota, 1988; Golay et al., 1993., Vogel, 1994; Orlov, 1995, 1997; David and Vogel 1996; Nguen Van Sang and Ho Thu Cuc, 1996; Schultz, 1996; Zhao and Adler 1993; Zhao 1997; Zhao et al., 1998; David and Ineich, 1999; McDiarmid et al., 1999; Ziegler and Vogel, 1999).','scientific paper','Folium Publishing Company','Russian Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2000, pp. 69 – 80',NULL,NULL),(147,'Living Hazards Database, ANONYMOUS 2017','Living Hazards Database (LHD)','Anonymous','2017','The Living Hazards Database (LHD) is a compilation of more than 500 species worldwide, which are reported to cause serious injury or death of humans. The LHD is intended to provide a concise, practical information source for use by medical, paramedical, first-responder personnel and medical planners supporting U.S. military personnel.  Information on each species listed includes: description, habitat, behavior, known harmful effects, geographic distribution, taxonomy, and a representative image for most species.','database','Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Energy, Installations, and Environment (Armed Forces Pest Management Board)','COM:(301) 295-7476 DSN: 295-7476; http://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/afpmb/livinghazards.html','Quality of the data is mixed. In case of conflict, prioritize other sources.',NULL),(330,'Madagascarophis fuchsi (Serpentes: Lamprophiidae), a new opisthoglyphous and microendemic snake from northern Madagascar, GLAW ET AL 2013','Resolving an enigma by integrative taxonomy: Madagascarophis fuchsi (Serpentes: Lamprophiidae), a new opisthoglyphous and microendemic snake from northern Madagascar.','Glaw, F., Christoph Kucharzewski, Jörn Köhler, Miguel Vences, Zoltán T. Nagy ','2013',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Zootaxa 3630 (2): 317–332','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(209,'Massachusetts Snakes - A Guide, JACKSON & MIRICK 0000','Massachusetts Snakes - A Guide','Scott Jackson, Peter Mirick','0000',NULL,'book','Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Massachusetts Extension',NULL,NULL,NULL),(254,'Measurement of the so called 14-metre python from Indonesia, AGLIONBY 2004','The Guardian: Stay still, will you? - Measurement of the so called 14-metre python from Indonesia','John Aglionby','2004','Last week the reptile world was rocked by the news that a 14-metre python had been discovered in Indonesia. Could a snake really be so long? There was only one way to ﬁnd out - we sent John Aglionby along with a tape measure. ','article','The Guardian','https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/jan/05/animalwelfare.indonesia',NULL,NULL),(299,'Mild toxic effects resulting from the bites of [...] Coluber rhodorachis, and [...] Malpolon moilensis, PERRY 1988','Mild toxic effects resulting from the bites of Jan\'s desert racer, Coluber rhodorachis, and Moila\'s snake, Malpolon moilensis (Ophidia: Colubridae).','Perry, G.','1988',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Toxicon 26:523-524.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(44,'Moderna Enciclopedia del Regno Animale Volume 6 Rettili, BRAMANTE 1972','Vita degli animali Moderna Enciclopedia del Regno Animale Volume 6 Rettili','Bramante','1972','','book','','','',NULL),(328,'Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the pseudoxyrhophiine snake genus Liopholidophis, GLAW ET AL 2007','Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the pseudoxyrhophiine snake genus Liopholidophis (Reptilia, Colubridae): evolution of its exceptional sexual dimorphism and descriptions of new taxa.','Glaw, F.; Nagy, Z.T.; Franzen, M. & Vences, M.','2007',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Zoologica Scripta 36: 291–300','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(266,'Morphologic evidence of toxic saliva in colubrid snakes, MCKINSTRY 1983','MORPHOLOGIC  EVIDENCE OF TOXIC  SALIVA IN COLUBRID  SNAKES: A CHECKLIST  OF WORLD GENERA','DONALD M. McKINSTRY ','1983','This checklist of colubrid generic names, based on the above morphologic indicators, is divided into five tables. Dentition, being more completely documented than the pres-ence of Duvernoy’s gland, forms the basis for Tables 1-4 as follows: Tables 1 and 2, opis-thoglyphous genera, New and Old World; Tables 3 and 4, aglyphous genera showing marked enlargement of the rear maxillary teeth, New and Old World. References for accepted generic names and dentition as well as notations of Duvernoy’s gland presence and geographic distribution are included.  Table 5 lists the aglyphous genera of the world, with unmodified rear maxillary teeth, examined by Taub (1967) for Duvernoy’s and supralabial glands. References for dentition and geographic distribution are included.  Listing of a given genus indicates that one or more species of the genus has the character-istic in question. Dual listing indicates that the dentition type varies among the species of the genus or that authorities differ as to their description of the dentition type. In some cases a generic name was traced from an earlier synonym.','article','Herp Review','Herp Review 14(1), 1983, pp. 12-15','NOCH IMPORTIEREN, Duvernoy\'s gland distribution, discuss w Andrew   PAPER MISSING; ASK ANDREW',NULL),(370,'morphosource.org','MorphoSource - 3D data repository with skull and skeleton scans of snakes','Anonymous','2024','MorphoSource is a publicly accessible 3D data repository where subject experts, educators, and the general public can find, view, interact with, and download 3D and 2D media representing physical objects important to the world’s natural history, cultural heritage, and scientific collections. Media data are contributed by a community that includes museums, institutions, researchers, scholars, and other subject experts who use MorphoSource to archive data, share findings, and increase scholarly impact. Contributed media represent both biological objects such as fossils and representatives of living species, as well as artifacts and objects created by humans that are critical to our shared cultural heritage. Data users can find media through searching and browsing, and can interact with media directly in the browser through preview tools that support viewing, inspecting, and measuring 3D models, volumetric CT/MRI scans, 2D images, and videos. Data are commonly viewed or downloaded for research or education purposes, but there are many other possible usage examples, such as using data as inspiration for art or for 3D printing replicas of anatomical elements. Institutions or individual data contributors determine how and for what purposes their media may be used.\r\n\r\nMorphoSource is also used by institutions and individual data contributors as a resource for full-featured data curation and standardized yet flexible documentation of the complex workflows typically needed for 3D images. Detailed metadata, strong discovery tools, and powerful documentation make curated data more easily findable, interpretable, and usable. There is strong technical support for 3D media types and file formats, including 3D models with texture and color, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumetric data image stacks, photogrammetry raw image series, serial section imagery, and others. The repository also supports 2D images and video (see full list). Extensive metadata profiles are provided for both media and physical objects. Further, explicit hierarchical connections can be documented and tracked to connect the sequence of media produced in a workflow, leading from raw parent media to derivative child media. Bringing these components together allows curation, documentation, and communication of the often complex imaging and processing workflows that produce 3D and/or 2D data (see data vocabulary).\r\n\r\nFinally, MorphoSource is increasingly used by institutions to aggregate, archive and manage digital representations of their collections’ physical objects. Currently, over half of MorphoSource media are managed by official teams representing museum staff and curators. The number of management teams is growing. MorphoSource encourages increasing engagement and participation from museums as key partners for addressing the long term preservation of its rapidly growing trove of representational data.','database','National Science Foundation','https://www.morphosource.org/',NULL,NULL),(53,'Naja sumatrana [...] venom, YAP ET AL 2011','Naja sumatrana [...] venom, YAP ET AL 2011','Yap MKK; Tan NH; Fung SY,','2011','','scientific paper','','','',NULL),(41,'Natural Toxins [...] EAKER & WALDSTROEM 1980','Natural Toxins, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Animal, Plant Microbial Toxins','Eaker, D., and T. Waldstroem, eds.','1980','','scientific paper','Pergamon Press Ltd.','','13',NULL),(131,'Neuromuscular activity of Bothrops fonsecai snake venom, FERNANDES ET AL 2014','Neuromuscular activity of Bothrops fonsecai snake venom in vertebrate preparations','Carla T Fernandes, Vânia MA Giaretta,Luiz S Prudêncio, Edvana O Toledo, Igor RF da Silva, Rita CO Collaço, Ana M Barbosa, Stephen Hyslop, Léa Rodrigues-Simioni, and José C Cogo ','2014','The neuromuscular activity of venom from Bothrops fonsecai, a lancehead endemic to southeastern Brazil, was investigated. Chick biventer cervicis (CBC) and mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm (PND) preparations were used for myographic recordings and mouse diaphragm muscle was used for membrane resting potential (RP) and miniature end-plate potential (MEPP) recordings. Creatine kinase release and muscle damage were also assessed. In CBC, venom (40, 80 and 160μg/ml) produced concentration- and time-dependent neuromuscular blockade (50% blockade in 85±9 min and 73±8 min with 80 and 160μg/ml, respectively) and attenuated the contractures to 110μM ACh (78–100% inhibition) and 40mM KCl (45–90% inhibition). The venom-induced decrease in twitch-tension in curarized, directly-stimulated preparations was similar to that in indirectly stimulated preparations. Venom (100 and 200μg/ml) also caused blockade in PND preparations (50% blockade in 94±13 min and 49±8 min with 100 and 200μg/ml, respectively) but did not alter the RP or MEPP amplitude. In CBC, venom caused creatine kinase release and myonecrosis. The venom-induced decrease in twitch-tension and in the contractures to ACh and K+ were abolished by preincubating venom with commercial antivenom. These findings indicate that Bothrops fonsecai venom interferes with neuromuscular transmission essentially through postsynaptic muscle damage that affects responses to ACh and KCl. These actions are effectively prevented by commercial antivenom.','scientific paper','J Venom Res. ','','5: 6–15',NULL),(110,'Neurotoxic Activities Caused by Leptodeira annulata ashmeadii [...] Duvernoy’s Gland Secretion, LEMOINE 2004','Proteolytic, Hemorrhagic, and Neurotoxic Activities Caused by Leptodeira annulata ashmeadii (Serpentes: Colubridae) Duvernoy’s Gland Secretion','Karel Lemoine, María E. Girón, Irma Aguilar, Luis F. Navarrete, Alexis Rodríguez-Acosta','2004','Objective.—The main goal was to explore the different toxin properties (proteolytic, hemorrhagic, and neurotoxic) of Leptodeira annulata ashmeadii Duvernoy’s gland secretion (DGS). Methods.—To separate and characterize the different proteins present in L annulata ashmeadii DGS, 20% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was run. To partially purify the proteolytic activity, Mono Q2 column ion-exchange chromatography was used. Hemorrhagic activity was analyzed in chicken embryos and mice (skin and peritoneum). Neurotoxic disorders were analyzed in mice inoculated with L annulata ashmeadii DGS. Results.—The approximate relative mass of 21 protein bands was determined using the MultiAnalyst PC version 1.1 (Bio-Rad) program. L annulata ashmeadii DGS proved to have proteolytic, hemorrhagic, and neurotoxic activities. Conclusions.—Given the properties of the secretions of its Duvernoy’s gland, L annulata ashmeadii should be added to the list of venomous colubrids.','scientific paper','Wilderness and Environmental Medicine','Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, 15, 82 89 (2004)','',NULL),(66,'Neutralization of Bitis parviocula [...] venom, SANCHÉZ 2011','Neutralization of bitis parviocula (Ethiopian mountain adder) venom by the south african institute of medical research (SAIMR) antivenom','Elda E. Sánchez; Doug Hotle; Alexis Rodríguez-Acosta','2011','','scientific paper','','','',NULL),(181,'Neutralization of Vipera and Macrovipera venoms, ARCHUNDIA ET AL 2011','Neutralization of Vipera and Macrovipera venoms by two experimental polyvalent antisera: A study of paraspecificity','Irving G. Archundia, Adolfo R. de Roodt, Blanca Ramos-Cerrillo, Jean-Philippe Chippaux, Laura Olguín-Pérez, Alejandro Alagón, Roberto P. Stock','2011','We conducted an extensive study of neutralization of lethality of 11 species and one subspecies of snakes of the genus Vipera, and of five species of Macrovipera, by two experimental equine antisera. One antiserumwas a trivalent preparation raised against the venoms of Vipera aspis aspis, Vipera berus berus and Vipera ammodytes ammodytes; the other was a pentavalent preparation that also included venoms of Vipera (now Montivipera) xanthina and Macrovipera lebetina obtusa. We measured specific neutralization of lethality against all venoms included in the immunization schemes, and paraspecific neutralization against the venoms of Vipera ammodytes montandoni, Vipera (Montivipera) bornmuelleri, Vipera latastei, Vipera (Mo.) latifii, Vipera (Mo.) lotievi, Vipera (Daboia) palaestinae, Vipera (Mo.) raddei and Vipera seoanei, as well as against Macrovipera (D.) deserti, Macrovipera lebetina cernovi, Macrovipera lebetina turanica and Macrovipera schweitzeri. We found an important degree of paraspecific protection within each genera (omitting recent reclassification) that was quite independent of both the lethal potency of the venoms and their geographic origin. This information may be of use to clinicians charged with the treatment of Vipera or Macrovipera envenomations with non-specific antivenoms.','scientific paper','Elsevier Ltd.','Toxicon 57 (2011) 1049–1056',NULL,NULL),(338,'New and rare oriental serpents, TAYLOR 1963','New and rare oriental serpents.','Taylor, Edward H. ','1963',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Copeia 1963 (2): 429-433','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(149,'New distribution record and reproductive data for [...] Lachesis acrochorda, FUENTES & CORRALES 2016','New distribution record and reproductive data for the Chocoan Bushmaster, Lachesis acrochorda (Serpentes: Viperidae), in Panama','Rogemif Daniel Fuentes and Greivin Corrales','2016','We report finding three individuals (including one gravid female), a clutch of eggs, and a new locality in Panama for the rare pitviper, Lachesis acrochorda (García, 1896). The new locality represents a notable range extension. Additionally, we collected in situ reproductive data and provide information on oviposition, egg incubation, and captive husbandry.','scientific paper','Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC','Mesoamerican Herpetology 3: 115–127','',NULL),(327,'New insights into the systematics and molecular phylogeny of the Malagasy snake genus Liopholidophis , GLAW ET AL 2013','New insights into the systematics and molecular phylogeny of the Malagasy snake genus Liopholidophis suggest at least one rapid reversal of extreme sexual dimorphism in tail length.','Glaw, Frank; Christoph Kucharzewski; Zoltán T. Nagy; Oliver Hawlitschek; Miguel Vences ','2013',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Org Divers Evol, DOI 10.1007/s13127-013-0152-4','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(153,'New occurrence of Sinovipera sichuanensis in Guizhou, LIU ET AL 2014','New occurrence of Sinovipera sichuanensis in Guizhou','Qin LIU, Guang-Hui ZHONG, Shi-Ze LI, Jing-Cai LÜ, Peng GUO','2014','Abstract: Three Asian green pit vipers were collected in August 2013 during a field trip in Fanjin Mt. National Conservation Area, Guizhou. These specimens were identified as Sinovipera sichuanensis, based on subsequent examination and comparison. This is a new record of the genus Sinovipera and S. sichuanensis in Guizhou, and the first time that male specimens have been collected in the field.','scientific paper','Science Press','Zoological Research 35 (4): 350−352 | DOI:10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2014.4.350 Science Press','',NULL),(9,'New record of a Colubrid Snake from Ennore Estuary, Tamilnadu, ANONYMOUS 1985','New record of a Colubrid Snake from Ennore Estuary, Tamilnadu','Anonymous','1985','','article','','Bull. zool. Surv. India, 7 (2-3) : 335, 1985','',NULL),(174,'New records of snakes [...] in Minas Gerais, Brazil, MOURA ET AL 2013','New records of snakes (Reptilia: Squamata) in Minas Gerais, Brazil','Mario Ribeiro Moura, Renata Magalhães Pirani and Vinícius Xavier da Silva','2013','We report new records of three poorly-known species of snakes in Minas Gerais: Bothrops lutzi (Miranda- Ribeiro, 1915), Psomophis joberti (Sauvage, 1884), and Trilepida brasiliensis (Laurent, 1949). The new records represent important filling gaps for all three species or even southern extensions in the geographic distribution of B. lutzi and P. joberti. The new records are located in areas indicated as priority regions for biodiversity conservation in Cerrado. Maps of known records of these snakes are also provided considering literature data and new records from collections.','scientific paper','Check List and Authors','Check List 9(1): 099–103, 2013',NULL,NULL),(170,'New Species of Anomochilus from Borneo, DAS ET AL 2008','New Species of Anomochilus from Borneo (Squamata: Anomochilidae)','INDRANEIL DAS, MAKLARIN LAKIM, KELVIN K. P. LIM, AND TAN HEOK HUI','2008','A new species of Anomochilus is described from Gunung Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo). The new species is diagnosed from the only two other known species in the genus by the combination of the following character states: SVL to 509 mm; an azygous parietofrontal; paravertebrals 269; transverse body rows 17 : 19 : 17; midventrals 258–261; subcaudals 7–8; dorsum unpatterned dark brown, except for pale flecks, one scale wide, on paravertebral region; large pale blotches absent on dorsum; flanks without light line; and a pair of large pale blotches present on either side of venter. A dichotomous identification key to the three currently known species of Anomochilus is provided. With three species of Anomochilus known for Borneo, the island is the center of diversification of this genus of presumably fossorial and cryptozoic snakes.','scientific paper','Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles','Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 584–591, 2008',NULL,NULL),(193,'new species of Asian pipesnake, genus Cylindrophis from [...] Indonesia, KIECKBUSCH ET AL 2016','An inconspicuous, conspicuous new species of Asian pipesnake, genus Cylindrophis (Reptilia: Squamata: Cylindrophiidae), from the south coast of Jawa Tengah, Java, Indonesia, and an overview of the tangled taxonomic history of C. ruffus (Laurenti, 1768)','MAX KIECKBUSCH, SVEN MECKE, LUKAS HARTMANN, LISA EHRMANTRAUT, MARK O’SHEA & HINRICH KAISER','2016','We describe a new species of Cylindrophis currently known only from Grabag, Purworejo Regency, Jawa Tengah Province (Central Java), Java, Indonesia. Cylindrophis subocularis sp. nov. can be distinguished from all congeners by the presence of a single, eponymous subocular scale between the 3rd and 4th or 4th and 5th supralabial, preventing contact between the 4th or 5th supralabial and the orbit, and by having the prefrontal in narrow contact with or separated from the orbit. We preface our description with a detailed account of the tangled taxonomic history of the similar and putatively wide-ranging species C. ruffus, which leads us to (1) remove the name Scytale scheuchzeri from the synonymy of C. ruffus, (2) list the taxon C. rufa var. javanica as species inquirenda, and (3) synonymize C. mirzae with C. ruffus. We provide additional evidence to confirm that the type locality of C. ruffus is Java. Cylindrophis subocularis sp. nov. is the second species of Asian pipesnake from Java.','scientific paper','Magnolia Press','Zootaxa 4093 (1): 001–025',NULL,NULL),(89,'New strategies for improving the flow of affordable, effective antivenoms in Asia and Africa, WILLIAMS ET AL 2011','Ending the drought: New strategies for improving the flow of affordable, effective antivenoms in Asia and Africa','David J. Williams, José-María Gutiérrez, Juan J. Calvete, Wolfgang Wüster, Kavi Ratanabanangkoon, Owen Paiva, Nicholas I. Brown, Nicholas R. Casewell, Robert A. Harrison, Paul D. Rowley, Mark O\'Shea, Simon D. Jensen, Kenneth D. Winkel, David A. Warrella','2011','The development of snake antivenoms more than a century ago should have heralded effective treatment of the scourge of snakebite envenoming in impoverished, mostly rural populations around the world. That snakebite still exists today, as a widely untreated illness that maims, kills and terrifies men, women and children in vulnerable communities, is a cruel anachronism. Antivenom can be an effective, safe and affordable treatment for snakebites, but apathy, inaction and the politicisation of public health have marginalised both the problem (making snakebite arguably the most neglected of all neglected tropical diseases) and its solution. For lack of any coordinated approach, provision of antivenoms has been pushed off the public health agenda, leading to an incongruous decline in demand for these crucial antidotes, excused and fed by new priorities, an absence of epidemiological data, and a poor regulatory framework. These factors facilitated the infiltration of poor quality products that degrade user confidence and undermine legitimate producers. The result is that tens of thousands are denied an essential life-saving medicine, allowing a toll of human suffering that is a summation of many individual catastrophes. No strategy has been developed to address this problem and to overcome the intransigence and inaction responsible for the global tragedy of snakebite. Attempts to engage with the broader public health community through the World Health Organisation (WHO), GAVI, and other agencies have failed. Consequently, the toxinology community has taken on a leadership role in a new approach, the Global Snakebite Initiative, which seeks to mobilise the resources, skills and experience of scientists and clinicians for whom venoms, toxins, antivenoms, snakes and snakebites are already fields of interest. Proteomics is one such discipline, which has embraced the potential of using venoms in bio-discovery and systems biology. The fields of venomics and antivenomics have recently evolved from this discipline, offering fresh hope for the victims of snakebites by providing an exciting insight into the complexities, nature, fundamental properties and significance of venom constituents. Such a rational approach brings with it the potential to design new immunising mixtures from which to raise potent antivenoms with wider therapeutic ranges. This addresses a major practical limitation in antivenom use recognised since the beginning of the 20th century: the restriction of therapeutic effectiveness to the specific venom immunogen used in production. Antivenomic techniques enable the interactions between venoms and antivenoms to be examined in detail, and if combined with functional assays of specific activity and followed up by clinical trials of effectiveness and safety, can be powerful tools with which to evaluate the suitability of current and new antivenoms for meeting urgent regional needs. We propose two mechanisms through which the Global Snakebite Initiative might seek to end the antivenom drought in Africa and Asia: first by establishing a multidisciplinary, multicentre, international collaboration to evaluate currently available antivenoms against the venoms of medically important snakes from specific nations in Africa and Asia using a combination of proteomic, antivenomic and WHO-endorsed preclinical assessment protocols, to provide a validated evidence base for either recommending or rejecting individual products; and secondly by bringing the power of proteomics to bear on the design of new immunising mixtures to raise Pan-African and Pan-Asian polyvalent antivenoms of improved potency and quality. These products will be subject to rigorous clinical assessment. We propose radically to change the basis upon which antivenoms are produced and supplied for the developing world. Donor funding and strategic public health alliances will be sought to make it possible not only to sustain the financial viability of antivenom production partnerships, but also to ensure that patients are relieved of the costs of antivenom so that poverty is no longer a barrier to the treatment of this important, but grossly neglected public health emergency.','scientific paper','Elsevier B.V. ','doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2011.05.027','NOCH IMPORTIEREN LD50 Venom yield, LD50, batch import',NULL),(73,'Nomina Herpetofaunae Europaeae [...], STÜMPEL-RIENKS 1992','Nomina Herpetofaunae Europaeae - Die Trivialnamen der Herpetofauna Europas - The Vernacular Names of the Herpetofauna of Europe. Ergänzungsband zum Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas','Suzette E. Stümpel-Rienks','1992','The Vernacular Names of the Herpetofauna of Europe. Supplemented with Asiatic Turkey, Cyprus, Transcaucasia, the Canary and Selvagens Islands, and Madeira','book','AULA Verlag Wiesbaden','ISBN 3.89104-521-2 ','NOCH IMPORTIEREN cnames',NULL),(139,'Notas sobre o lectótipo de Bothrops cotiara, FRANCO ET AL 2005','Notas sobre o lectótipo de Bothrops cotiara (Gomes, 1913) (Serpentes, Viperidae)','Francisco Luís Franco, Valdir José Germano e Luciana Ribeiro Martão','2005',NULL,'scientific paper','Departamento de Ciências Biológicas - ESALQ - USP','Phyllomedusa 4(1):75-78, 2005',NULL,NULL),(111,'Notes on two cases of human envenomation by [...] Philodryas olfersii latirostris [...]  and Philodryas chamissonis, KUCH 1999','Notes on two cases of human envenomation by the South American colubrid snakes Philodryas olfersii latirostris COPE, 1862 and Philodryas chamissonis (WlEGMANN, 1834) (Squamata: Serpentes: Colubridae)','Ulrich Kuch','1999','It is usually believed that snakes of the family Colubridae, when biting, must hold on at least several seconds in order to inject doses of toxic Duvernoy\'s glands secretion that are sufficient to cause envenomation in humans, and that quick defensive bites would not result in envenomation. However, some colubrid species are known to have caused envenomation by quick bites. Two species of the South American genus Philodryas can now be added to this kind of colubrids. A 13-year-old victim of a bite by P. olfersii latirostris COPE, 1862 developed local swelling, enlargement of axillary lymph nodes, joint stiffness in the upper extremities and the knees, and ecchymoses on the knees. This case demonstrates that P. olfersii is capable of inflicting systemic human envenomation with only a quick defensive bite. The predominant symptoms following a quick bite by P. chamissonis (WlEGMANN, 1834) inflicted on the same person 4.5 years later, were numbness and coldness of the bitten arm, pain, slight swelling, and joint stiffness of hand and wrist. Previous records, and the rapid onset of envenomation after quick defensive bites described herein, suggest P. olfersii and P. chamissonis to be regarded as venomous snakes in a clinical sense.','scientific paper','Österreichische Gesellschaft für Herpetologie e.V., Wien, Austria','HERPETOZOA 12 (1/2): 11 - 16 Wien, 30. Juli 1999','',NULL),(335,'Notes sur les serpents de la région malgache. VIII: Colubridae nouveaux, DOMERGUE 1988','Notes sur les serpents de la région malgache. VIII: Colubridae nouveaux.','Domergue, C. A. ','1988',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Bulletin du Muséum national d\'histoire naturelle. Section A, Zoologie, biologie et écologie animales, 10(1), 135-146.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(292,'Observations of a grooved anterior fang in Psammodynastes pulverulentus, JACKSON & FRITTS 1996','Observations of a grooved anterior fang in Psammodynastes pulverulentus: Does the mock viper resemble a protoelapid?','Jackson, K. and T. H. Fritts','1996',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Journal of Herpetology 30:128-131.','',''),(11,'Observations of [...] Naja nivea [...] in the DeHoop Nature Reserve [...], PHELPS 2007','Observations of the Cape cobra, Naja nivea (Serpentes: Elapidae) in the DeHoop Nature Reserve, Western Cape Province, South Africa','Tony Phelps','2007','','scientific paper','Herpetological Bulletin','Number 99','',NULL),(171,'On a rare, south Indian burrowing snake Platyplectrurus trilineatus, GANESH 2011','On a rare, south Indian burrowing snake Platyplectrurus trilineatus (BEDDOME, 1867)','S. R. Ganesh','2011','Examination of five juvenile preserved specimens of Platyplectrurus trilineatus, an endemic, poorly-known Uropeltid snake species from the Western Ghats Mountains of Southwestern India provided further insights into its taxonomy. The sample examined here agreed well with the existing descriptions in literature in colouration and most aspects of scalation but had larger range of ventral scale count and smaller supraocular relative to prefrontal. Character definition (in the case of ventrals) and ontogenic variation (in the case of supraocular size) might have possibly created these discrepancies. These differences indicate that a better sampling of both specimens and characters would throw more light on this species. ','scientific paper','Taprobanica Private Limited','TAPROBANICA VOL. 03: NO. 01','',NULL),(290,'On the affinities of the burrowing asps Atractaspis, UNDERWOOD & KOCHVA 1993','On the affinities of the burrowing asps Atractaspis (Serpentes: Atractaspididae). ','Underwood, G. and E. Kochva','1993',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 107:3-64.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(173,'On the taxonomic status of Uropeltis bicatenata, GOWER ET AL 2008','On the taxonomic status of Uropeltis bicatenata (GÜNTHER) (Reptilia: Serpentes: Uropeltidae)','David J. Gower, Ashok Captain and Sanjay S. Thakur','2008','The Indian uropeltid snake Uropeltis bicatenata (Günther, 1864) has been considered a junior synonym of Uropeltis ceylanica Cuvier, 1829, implicitly or explicitly, since Beddome (1886). Re-examination of the holotype and historical and newly collected material of U. bicatenata confirms Günther’s (1864) assessment that this form represents a distinct species of Uropeltis. We resurrect U. bicatenata from the synonymy of Uropeltis ceylanica, provide a new diagnosis of the species, redescribe the holotype, document variation among all known material, and discuss aspects of the state of the taxonomy of Uropeltis.','scientific paper','Centre for Herpetology, Madras Crocodile Bank Trust','Hamadryad Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 64 – 82, 2008.','',NULL),(143,'On the taxonomical status of Steppe Viper [..] of the east caucasus, TUNIVEV ET AL 2013','ON THE TAXONOMICAL STATUS OF STEPPE VIPER FROM FOOTHILLS OF THE SOUTH MACROSLOPE OF THE EAST CAUCASUS','S. B. Tuniyev, N. L. Orlov, B. S. Tuniyev, and A. A. Kidov','2013','The analysis of steppe vipers from different parts of the Caucasian Isthmus and from isolated part of the area in the foothills of southern macroslope of the East Caucasus showed the specific status of the latter that it made it possible to describe new species — Pelias shemakheninsis sp. nov.','scientific paper','Russian Journal of Herpetology','Vol. 20, No. 2, 2013, pp. 129 – 146',NULL,NULL),(167,'On Trimeresurus sumatranus [...] and the description of a new species of pitviper from Sumatra, VOGEL & SIDIK 2014','On Trimeresurus sumatranus (Raffles, 1822), with the designation of a neotype and the description of a new species of pitviper from Sumatra (Squamata: Viperidae: Crotalinae)','Gernot Vogel, Patrick David, and Irvan Sidik','2014','Variation in morphological characters were investigated among 126 specimens from at least 67 populations covering the whole range of the large pitviper currently known as Trimeresurus sumatranus (Raffles, 1822). The results showed that two distinct taxa are involved. Herein Trimeresurus sumatranus is redefined. In order to fix the status of this species, a neotype is selected and described. Its type locality is restricted to the vicinity of Bengkulu, Bengkulu Province, Sumatra. The second taxon represents a distinct, previously unnamed species, which is described. The new species differs from Trimeresurus sumatranus by a lower number of ventrals in males (162–179 against 178–185) and females (164–171 vs. 175–191); a distinctly longer tail in males (value of the ratio tail length/total length: 0.201–0.210 vs. 0.150–0.168), the color of the tail (see the description), the color of the eyes: green in the new species, vs. dark grey in T. sumatranus, the color of the ventrals, which are green with a pale posterior suture in the new species and pale with dark posterior suture in T. sumatranus. The new species lives in higher elevations than T. sumatranus and seems to be endemic to the higher mountain ranges of western Sumatra.','scientific paper','Amphibian & Reptile Conservation','8(2) [General Issue]: 1–29',NULL,NULL),(239,'Ontogenetic changes in the venom of Bothrops insularis , ZELANIS ET AL 2008','Ontogenetic changes in the venom of Bothrops insularis (Serpentes: Viperidae)and its biological implication','André Zelanis, CLOSE Silvia Regina Travaglia-Cardoso Laboratório de Herpetologia and, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Doutor Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brasil  Silvia Regina Travaglia-Cardoso, Maria De Fátima Domingues Furtado','2008','We here report on the venom composition of Bothrops insularis, an endemic snake from the island of Queimada Grande (São Paulo, Brazil) that shows ontogenetic change on diet. Electrophoretic profiles showed similar patterns among samples at distinct ages. Densitometric analysis showed an increase of expression of proteic band at 24 kDa of molecular mass range. Venom toxicity was higher for bees (just-emerged Apis mellifera) and chicks (one day age Bovans white chicks) than for swiss mice, although a direct relation with ontogeny was not established. Venom selectivity towards local preys was demonstrated by the strong toxicity upon arthropods and chicks in comparison to mammals. Results suggest that the venom of Bothrops insularis has peculiarities on its composition that supports a specialized diet on its insular habitat and, although a conspicuous ontogenetic diet change occurs in the species, venom toxicity towards local preys is a characteristic present during the whole life cycle. Our results also provide strong evidence of the presence of taxon-specific toxicity in the venom of B. insularis, and a tendency of the adult venom to be more toxic than the one from young individuals.','scientific paper','Brazilian Society of Herpetology','South American Journal of Herpetology 3(1):43-50. 2008  doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2994/1808-9798(2008)3[43:OCITVO]2.0.CO;2','',NULL),(250,'Origin of the eastern brownsnake, Pseudonaja textilis [...] in New Guinea: [...] and comments on the status of Pseudonaja textilis pughi, WILLIAMS ET AL 2008','Origin of the eastern brownsnake, Pseudonaja textilis (Duméril, Bibron and Duméril) (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) in New Guinea: evidence of multiple dispersals from Australia, and comments on the status of Pseudonaja textilis pughi Hoser 2003','David J. Williams, Mark O\'Shea, Roland L. Daguerre, Catharine E. Pook, Wolfgang Wüster, Chrisopher J. Hayden, John D. McVay, Owen Paiva, Teatulohi Matainaho, Kenneth D. Winkel, Christopher C. Austin','2008','Pseudonaja textilis is a widespread and common snake in eastern parts of Australia, but its distribution in New Guinea is poorly understood, and the origin of the New Guinea populations and its timing have been the subject of much speculation. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences from three New Guinea populations of P. textilis indicates that New Guinea was colonised from two independent eastern and western migration routes most likely in the Pleistocene. One dispersal event from northern Queensland led to the populations in eastern New Guinea (Milne Bay, Oro and Central Provinces, Papua New Guinea), whereas another, from Arnhem Land to central southern New Guinea, led to the populations from the Merauke area, Indonesian Papua. The results are consistent with the effects of Pleistocene sea level changes on the physical geography of Australasia, and are thus suggestive of a natural rather than anthropogenic origin of the New Guinea populations. The taxonomic status of the New Guinean populations is discussed.','scientific paper','Magnolia Press','Zootaxa 1703: 47–61 (2008); ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition); ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)','',NULL),(185,'Oviparity and captive breeding in [...] Pseudechis guttatus, CHARLES ET AL 1979','Oviparity and captive breeding in the Spotted Blacksnake, Pseudechis guttatus (Serpentes E lapidae','NEIL CHARLES, PATRICK WHITAKER AND RICHARD SHINE','1979','Oviparity (egg-laying) is recorded as the mode of reproduction of the Spotted Blacksnake, Pseudechis guttatus, in both central and southern paris of the species range. Data are provided also on reproductive seasons, clutch sizes, incubation periods and hatchling sizes.','scientific paper','The Australian Zoologist','Vol. 20, part 2',NULL,NULL),(221,'Oxyuranus microlepidotus, WHITE 1989','Oxyuranus microlepidotus','Julian White','1989','An extensive review of taipan venom and its consequences to a bite victim.','scientific paper','State Toxinology Services','http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/animal/taipan.htm',NULL,NULL),(360,'Parasuta and Suta, MARYAN ET AL 2020','What’s under the hood? Phylogeny and taxonomy of the snake genera Parasuta\r\nWorrell and Suta Worrell (Squamata: Elapidae), with a description of a new\r\nspecies from the Pilbara, Western Australia','BRAD MARYAN, IAN G. BRENNAN, MARK N. HUTCHINSON & LUKAS S. GEIDANS','2020','Despite decades of phylogenetic studies, the generic and species-level relationships of some Australian elapid snakes\r\nremain problematic. The morphologically conservative genus Parasuta comprises small nocturnal snakes with a\r\nparticularly obfuscated taxonomic history. Here we provide a molecular phylogenetic analysis of all currently recognised\r\nspecies including members of the sister genus Suta and provide new morphological data that lead to a taxonomic revision\r\nof generic and species boundaries. We failed to find support for monophyly of Parasuta or Suta, instead supporting\r\nprevious evidence that these two genera should be combined. Our species-level investigations revise the boundaries\r\nbetween P. gouldii (Gray) and P. spectabilis (Krefft) resulting in recognition that both P. spectabilis bushi (Storr) and P.\r\nspectabilis nullarbor (Storr) are conspecific with P. gouldii. We also find the Pilbara population of P. monachus (Storr)\r\nto be specifically distinct. As a consequence of this information, we synonymise Parasuta with its senior synonym Suta,\r\nredescribe S. gouldii, S. monachus and S. spectabilis to clarify morphological and geographical boundaries and describe\r\nS. gaikhorstorum sp. nov., which differs from all other described Suta species, including the geographically proximate\r\nand similar-looking S. monachus, by a combination of molecular genetic markers, morphometric attributes, details of\r\ncolouration and scalation. The recognition of S. gaikhorstorum sp. nov. adds to the growing list of the many endemic\r\nreptiles from this exceptionally diverse biotic region. We also designate a lectotype for S. spectabilis from the original\r\nsyntype series, highlight a distinctive population from the Great Victoria Desert in Western Australia and comment on\r\nfurther unresolved issues regarding the relationships between S. dwyeri (Worrell) and S. nigriceps (Gȕnther).',NULL,'Magnolia Press','https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4778.1.1\r\nhttp://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E1BF9631-DF35-40A6-82FC-44CC50D04289','TODO: TBL, SVL noch importieren',NULL),(163,'Pareas stanleyi - A Record New to Sichuan, China, GUO & ZHAO 2004','Pareas stanleyi - A Record New to Sichuan, China and a Key to the Chinese Species','Peng Guo, Ermi Zhao','2004','A specimen of the Fujian slug-eating snake, Pareas stanleyi, was collected in Sichuan Province, China for the first time. We provide a key to the Chinese species of Pareas.','scientific paper','Asiatic Herpetological Research','Asiatic Herpetological Research Vol. 10, pp. 280-281',NULL,NULL),(359,'Paroplocephalus atriceps with a discussion on pupil shape, BUSH 2017','Additions to the description of Paroplocephalus atriceps (Serpentes: Elapidae) with a discussion on pupil shape in it and other Australian snakes','BRIAN BUSH','2017','Morphometric data on an additional twelve individuals of Paroplocephalus atriceps Storr are included enlarging Keogh et al.’s 2000 description of the genus and further verifying its affinities with Hoplocephalus. Included are comments on its venom and observations confirming arboreality and although primarily nocturnal, it includes some diurnal activity. Various authors have erroneously suggested it has vertically elliptic pupils but they are round. During an examination of snake’s eyes, it was found that several additional species have pupils that require re-describing, especially Suta fasciata\r\nRosen, S. punctata Boulenger and Echiopsis curta Schlegel, all of which include individuals with round pupils. A standardised description is suggested for each of the three common pupil shapes in snakes as narrow elliptic where dilation and constriction is lateral or vertical only, wide elliptic where dilation and constriction is both lateral and vertical, and round where any dilation and constriction is equidistant from the centre around the pupil’s circumference. ','scientific paper','Magnolia Press','https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4344.2.8\r\nhttp://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F1E32F95-A711-48B8-96E8-CDC933535490','Author provides new standardised descriptions of pupil shapes.',NULL),(144,'Pelias olguni sp. nov. from basin of upper flow of the Kura river in Turkey, TUNIVEV ET AL 2012','DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF SHIELD-HEAD VIPERS — Pelias olguni sp. nov. FROM BASIN OF UPPER FLOW OF THE KURA RIVER IN TURKEY','S. B. Tuniyev, A. Avcý, B. S. Tuniyev, A. L. Agasian, L. A. Agasian','2012','Localities of the records of Pelias darevskii indicated in the literature and known from the personal communications were inspected. The comparison of morphology and ecology of animals from northeastern Turkey and from the type locality of Pelias darevskii in Armenia made it possible to make conclusion about the specific independence of the vipers living in Turkey. It is given the description of the new species of shield-head vipers from basin of upper flow of the Kura River. The possible ways of speciation of the relict representatives of “kaznakovi” complex in the southwestern part of Caucasian Ecoregion are discussed.','scientific paper','Russian Journal of Herpetology','Vol. 19, No. 4, 2012, pp. 314 – 332',NULL,NULL),(320,'Phylogenetic relationships and classification of the Malagasy pseudoxyrhophiine snake genera Geodipsas and Compsophis, GLAW ET AL 2007','Phylogenetic relationships and classification of the Malagasy pseudoxyrhophiine snake genera Geodipsas and Compsophis based on morphological and molecular data.','Glaw, F., Nagy, Z. T., & Vences, M. ','2007',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Zootaxa, 1517, 53-62.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(142,'Phylogeography of Northern Populations of the Black-Tailed Rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus), ANDERSON & GREENBAUM 2012','Phylogeography of Northern Populations of the Black-Tailed Rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus Baird And Girard, 1853), With the Revalidation of C. ornatus Hallowell, 1854','CHRISTOPHER G. ANDERSON, ELI GREENBAUM','2012','The Black-tailed Rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus Baird and Girard, 1853) is a wide-ranging species complex with representatives from the southwestern United States through the highlands of central and southern Mexico. The systematics of this group has received little attention and in the past six decades only two taxonomic changes have been proposed (the transfer of C. basiliscus oaxacus to C. molossus and the elevation of C. m. estebanensis to full species). However, a recent revision of the Neotropical Rattlesnakes (C. durissus and C. simus) recovered a polyphyletic C. molossus. We sequenced data from three mitochondrial genes (ATPases 8 and 6, cyt b, and ND4) and three nuclear genes (c-mos, EXPH5, and RAG1) to examine phylogenetic relationships among C. molossus lineages and the closely related species C. basiliscus and C. totonacus. Results recovered strong support for two deeply divergent northern C. molossus lineages that are morphologically distinct. Biogeographical patterns and divergence dates inferred from mitochondrial data suggest the diversification of C. molossus is the result of a Neogene vicariance event associated with uplift of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Population-level analyses suggest that major lineages of C. molossus have been stable since their initial divergence. On the basis of morphological and molecular evidence we resurrect the name Crotalus ornatus Hallowell, 1854 for Black-tailed Rattlesnake populations in the Chihuahuan Desert and central Texas, USA.','scientific paper','The Herpetologists’ League, Inc.','Herpetological Monographs, 26, 2012, 19–57',NULL,NULL),(358,'Phylogeography, historical demography and systematics of the world’s\nsmallest pythons (Pythonidae, Antaresia), ESQUERRE ET AL 2021  ','Phylogeography, historical demography and systematics of the world’s\r\nsmallest pythons (Pythonidae, Antaresia) ','Damien Esquerré, Stephen C. Donnellan, Carlos J. Pavón-Vazquéz, Jéssica Fenker, J. Scott Keogh','2021','Advances from empirical studies in phylogeography, systematics and species delimitation highlight the importance of integrative approaches for quantifying taxonomic diversity. Genomic data have greatly improved our\r\nability to discern both systematic diversity and evolutionary history. Here we combine analyses of mitochondrial\r\nDNA sequences, thousands of genome-wide SNPs and linear and geometric morphometrics on Antaresia, a clade\r\nof four currently recognised dwarf pythons from Australia and New Guinea (Antaresia childreni, A. stimsoni, A.\r\nmaculosa and A. perthensis). Our integrative analyses of phylogenetics, population structure, species delimitation,\r\nhistorical demography and morphometrics revealed that the true evolutionary diversity is not well reflected in\r\nthe current appraisal of the diversity of the group. We find that Antaresia childreni and A. stimsoni comprise a\r\nwidespread network of populations connected by gene flow and without evidence of species-level divergence\r\namong them. However, A. maculosa shows considerable genetic structuring which leads us to recognise two\r\nsubspecies in northeastern Australia and a new species in Torres Strait and New Guinea. These two contrasting\r\ncases of over and under estimation of diversity, respectively, illustrate the power of thorough integrative approaches into understanding evolution of biodiversity. Furthermore, our analyses of historical demographic\r\npatterns highlight the importance of the Kimberley, Pilbara and Cape York as origins of biodiversity in Australia. ','article','Elsevier','https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107181',NULL,NULL),(246,'Pictorial Handbook on marine Reptiles of India, MURTHY 2007','Pictorial Handbook on marine Reptiles of India','T.S.N. Murthy','2007','Herpetologists in India have, until recently, paid little attention to the reptiles in the sea. However, thanks to the emphasis laid now to explore the animal life of our seas, special attention is being paid to unravel the mysteries of the marine reptiles. Even so most Indians are unaware of the rich and varied assemblage of these fascinating creatures probably because of the lack of readily available and informative books on the subject. The pictorial handbook is, therefore, presented to fill the void. The pictorial handbook, written in simple but scientifically accurate language, is aimed a serving as an introduction to the marine reptiles of India. The book is by no means an exhaustive account of the subject, but it does present a brief synopsis of the identification, habitat and habits of these fascinating creatures, thus making it useful for the marine biologists, wildlife enthusiasts, navy personnel, herpetologists and the lay public. Moreover, the ','book','Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata','Murthy, T.S.N. 2007 Pictorial Handbook on Marine Reptiles of India 1-75. (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata)','',NULL),(146,'Porthidium arcosae [...] in Ecuador, VALENCIA ET AL 2011','Natural history, potential distribution and conservation status of the Manabi Hognose Pitviper Porthidium arcosae (SCHÄTTI & KRAMER, 1993), in Ecuador','JORGE H. VALENCIA & GEORGE VACA-GUERRERO & KATTY GARZON','2011','Porthidium arcosae (SCHÄTTI & KRAMER, 1993) is a terrestrial, small-sized (ca. 720 mm total length), rare and little studied pitviper endemic to Ecuador, occurring in a variety of dry xeric forests, in the province of Manabí. Specimens preserved in collections and observations of snakes in captive conditions yielded new information about its natural history and potential distribution. The present update of our knowledge on the geographical and altitudinal range includes 12 localities in the province of Manabí. An ecological niche model predicted additional records along the coast of the provinces of Manabí (as far to the north as San Vicente, about 50 km beyond the known territory) and Santa Elena. Sexual dimorphism was not significant relative to the length of body and tail. However, there was a significant difference in the length-to-width ratio of the head, which is comparatively wider in females. Courtship and mating is briefly described from three captive groups. Porthidium arcosae feeds on lizards in its juvenile phase and rodents as an adult. Four more pitviper species are sympatric with P. arcosae: Bothrops asper, Bothrops punctatus, Bothriechis schlegelii and Porthidium nasutum. A case is reported of envenomation of a 29-year-old man from a bite by P. arcosae is reported. A conservation status assessment indicates that P. arcosae would classify for the IUCN category Endangered (EN).','unknown','HERPETOZOA','23 (3/4): 31 - 43','',NULL),(301,'Potential envenomation by the aglyphous pseudoxyrhophiine snake Leioheterodon madagascariensis, RAZAFIMAHATRATRA 2015','Potential envenomation by the aglyphous pseudoxyrhophiine snake Leioheterodon madagascariensis and description of its dentition.','Razafimahatratra, B., C. Wang, A. Mori, and F. Glaw.','2015',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases 21:47.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(255,'PraxisRatgeber Anakondas, BISPLINGHOF & BELLOSA 2007','PraxisRatgeber Anakondas','Hans Bisplinghof, Henry Bellosa','2007','geb., 124 Seiten, 119 farbige, 11 SW-Abbildungen und 2 Karten. Frankfurt am Main 2007. Anakondas faszinieren auf vielerlei Weise - halbwüchsige Tiere begeistern mit ihrer Zeichnung, der Anblick adulter Tiere vermittelt dem Betrachter mühelos, woher der Mythos von Kraft und Stärke kommt, den man mit diesen Tieren verbindet. Die Autoren zeigen, dass eine erfolgreiche Haltung und Zucht mit den entsprechenden Kenntnissen gut funktioniert und dem Halter viel Freude bereiten kann.','book','Chimaira Buchhandelsgesellschaft mbH','ISBN 10: 3-89973-459-9,  ISBN 13: 978-3-89973-459-1',NULL,NULL),(115,'Preclinical Evaluation of the Efﬁcacy of Antivenoms for Snakebite Envenoming, GUTIÉRREZ ET AL 2017','Preclinical Evaluation of the Efﬁcacy of Antivenoms for Snakebite Envenoming: State-of-the-Art and Challenges Ahead','José María Gutiérrez, Gabriela Solano, Davinia Pla, María Herrera, Álvaro Segura, Mariángela Vargas, Mauren Villalta, Andrés Sánchez, Libia Sanz, Bruno Lomonte, Guillermo León and Juan J. Calvete','2017','Animal-derived antivenoms constitute the mainstay in the therapy of snakebite envenoming. The efﬁcacy of antivenoms to neutralize toxicity of medically-relevant snake venoms has to be demonstrated through meticulous preclinical testing before their introduction into the clinical setting. The gold standard in the preclinical assessment and quality control of antivenoms is the neutralization of venom-induced lethality. In addition, depending on the pathophysiological proﬁle of snake venoms, the neutralization of other toxic activities has to be evaluated, such as hemorrhagic, myotoxic, edema-forming, dermonecrotic, in vitro coagulant, and deﬁbrinogenating effects. There is a need to develop laboratory assays to evaluate neutralization of other relevant venom activities. The concept of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Reﬁnement) in Toxinology is of utmost importance, and some advances have been performed in their implementation. A signiﬁcant leap forward in the study of the immunological reactivity of antivenoms against venoms has been the development of “antivenomics”, which brings the analytical power of mass spectrometry to the evaluation of antivenoms. International partnerships are required to assess the preclinical efﬁcacy of antivenoms against snake venoms in different regions of the world in order to have a detailed knowledge on the neutralizing proﬁle of these immunotherapeutics.','scientific paper','Toxins/MDPI','Toxins 2017, 9, 163; doi:10.3390/toxins9050163','NOCH IMPORTIEREN LD50',NULL),(298,'Predation on Reptile Eggs by African Snakes of the Genus Prosymna, BROADLEY 1979','Predation on Reptile Eggs by African Snakes of the Genus Prosymna.','Broadley, D. G.','1979',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Herpetologica 35:338-341.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(69,'Preliminary studies with [...] Bungarus caeruleus venom, MIRAJKAR 2006','Preliminary studies with a neurotoxin obtained from Bungarus caeruleus venom','Mirajkar K. K.I; More S.I; Gadag J. R.','2006','The neurotoxin purified from the venom of Bungarus caeruleus causes a neuromuscular blockade on acetylcholine-induced muscle twitch response in isolated frog rectus abdominis muscle preparation. Neuromuscular blockade produced by d-tubocurarine on acetylcholine-induced muscle twitch response in an isolated frog rectus abdominis muscle preparation was reversed to normal muscle twitch response in presence of neostigmine. Whereas the purified neurotoxin produced an irreversible neuromuscular blockade in presence of the same strength of neostigmine. As it is already known, botulinum toxin, which also brings about neuromuscular blockade, is effectively used as a drug in the treatment of painful movement disorders. Since the purified toxin also causes paralysis of the muscle, we propose its possible efficacy in the treatment of neuromuscular disorders.','scientific paper','','J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis.  V.12, n.1, p.78-90, 2006.  Original paper - ISSN 1678-9199','',NULL),(107,'Preparation [...] of immunoglobulin yolk against the venom of Naja naja atra, LIU ET AL 2010','Preparation and characterization of immunoglobulin yolk against the venom of Naja naja atra','Sihong Liu, Weihua Dong ＆ Tianhan Kong ','2010','Chinese Cobra (Naja naja atra) bite is one of the leading causes of snake-bite mortality in China. The traditional anti-cobra venom serum therapy was found to be expensive and with high frequency of side effects. Therefore attempts were made to generate a high titer immunoglobulin from egg yolk (IgY) of crude cobra-venom immunized Leghorn hens, and to standardize an effective method for producing avian antivenom in relatively pure form. The IgY was isolated first by water dilution method to remove the lipid, then extracted by ammonium sulfate precipitation, and purified through anion exchange chromatogram. The different purities of IgY from different isolating stages were submitted to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and SDS-PAGE to determine their titers. Immunoblotting showed that the purified IgY (ion exchange chromatography fraction, IECF) recognized several antigenic fractions of cobra venom, and presented with the character of polyclonal antibody. IECF on SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions migrated as a 65 kDa heavy chain and a 35 kDa light chain, respectively. The LD50 of the N. naja atra venom was 0.62 mg/kg body weight in mice. Four times the LD50 dose of venom was selected as challenge dose, and the ED50 of IgY was 3.04 mg IECF/mg venom. The results indicate that the activity of anti-snake venom IgY could be obviously elevated by ion exchange chromatography, thus possessing therapeutic significance for snakebite envenomation.','scientific paper','Indian Journal of Experimental Biology','Indian Journal of Experimental Biology; Vol. 48, August 2010, pp. 778-785 ','',NULL),(275,'Progress in the study of the main functional components of the venom of the cobra genus Naja, ZHANG ET AL 2016','眼镜蛇属（Ｎaja) 毒液的主要功能组分研究进展','ZHANG Yingzheng, HE Qiyi, DANG Qiuping, YU Xiaodong','2016','摘　要：眼镜蛇属（Ｎａｊａ）的毒蛇常危害人类健康，其毒是一种混合毒素，主要成分为蛋白质、活性 肽、酶。本文主要对眼镜蛇属蛇毒主要功能组分及其理化性质、药理活性与临床应用前景进行综 述。','scientific paper','Journal of Yanan University','Journal of Yanan University (Natural Science Edition) , Vol. 35, No. 1, Mar. 2016; DOI:10.13876/J.cnki.ydnse.2016.01.049','',NULL),(26,'Projet Koniambo: Étude environnementale [...], ANONYMOUS 2001  ','Projet Koniambo: Étude environnementale – Rapport final [North Province, New Caledonia]','Anonymous (Projet Koniambo)','2001','Le présent document s’inscrit dans le cadre des études environnementales liées au projet minier Koniambo. Falconbridge NC SAS (Falconbridge NC), en association avec la Société minière du Sud Pacifique (SMSP), effectue présentement une campagne d’exploration ainsi qu’une étude de préfaisabilité technico-économique. En parallèle à ces activités, une étude de caractérisation initiale du milieu (étude environnementale de base) a été réalisée et coordonnée par Roche ltée, Groupe-Conseil (Roche), consultant principal auprès de Falconbridge NC pour les questions environnementales. Sous la direction de Roche, plusieurs études sectorielles ont été réalisées par des consultants locaux et internationaux afin de bien caractériser le milieu dans lequel prendra place le projet. De plus, des revues de littérature ont été réalisées de manière à faire une revue exhaustive des informations disponibles (en Nouvelle-Calédonie ou ailleurs dans le monde) sur le milieu biophysique et humain dans lequel s’insère le projet. L’ensemble des résultats de ces études ont été intégrés dans un rapport global de caractérisation intitulé « Projet Koniambo – Étude environnementale de base »','book','Falconbridge NC et SMSP','','NOCH IMPORTIEREN',NULL),(63,'properties of Bungarus flaviceps [...] venom, TAN ET AL 2009','Enzymatic and immunological properties of Bungarus flaviceps (red-headed krait) venom','Tan NH, Fung SY, Ponnudurai G','2009','Bungarus flaviceps (red-headed krait) venom presents an intravenous LD50 of 0.32 μg/g and exhibits enzymatic activities similar to other Bungarus toxins.  ELISA cross-reactions between anti-Bungarus flaviceps and a variety of elapid and viperid venoms were observed in the current study. Double-sandwich ELISA was highly specific, since anti-B. flaviceps serum did not cross-react with any tested venom, indicating that this assay can be used for species diagnosis in B. flaviceps bites. In the indirect ELISA, anti-B. flaviceps serum cross-reacted moderately with three different Bungarus venoms (9-18%) and Notechis scutatus venom, but minimally with other elapid and viperid toxins. The results indicated that B. flaviceps venom shares common epitopes with other Bungarus species as well as with N. scutatus. The lethality of the B. flaviceps venom was neutralized effectively by antiserum prepared against B. candidus and B. flaviceps toxins and a commercial bivalent elapid antivenom prepared against B. multicinctus and Naja naja atra venoms, but was not neutralized by commercial antivenoms prepared against Thai cobra, king cobra and banded krait. These data also suggested that the major lethal toxins of B. flaviceps venom are similar to those found in B. multicinctus and B. candidus venoms.','scientific paper','J Venom Anim Toxins incl Trop Dis.','ISSN 1678-9199','IMPORTED',NULL),(281,'Provisional Checklist of the Snakes of Sri Lanka, SOMAWEERA 2010 ','Provisional Checklist of the Snakes of Sri Lanka','Ruchira Somaweera','2010','','article','Ruchira Somaweera','','NOCH IMPORTIEREN cnames Sri Lanka',NULL),(222,'Pseudechis australis, WHITE 1991','Pseudechis australis','Julian White','1991','An extensive review of Mulga snake venom and its consequences to a bite victim.','scientific paper','State Toxinology Services','http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/animal/pseechis.htm','',NULL),(223,'Pseudonaja affinis, WHITE 1991','Pseudonaja affinis','Julian White','1991','An extensive review of Pseudonaja affinis venom and its consequences to bite victims.','scientific paper','State Toxinology Services','http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/animal/pseunaja.htm',NULL,NULL),(366,'Pupil shape in the animal kingdom (MARTIN-MORO ET AL, 2014)','Pupil shape in the animal kingdom: From the\r\npseudopupil to the vertical pupil','J. González Martín-Moro, F. Gómez-Sanz, A. Sales-Sanz, E. Huguet-Baudin, J. Murube-del-Castillo','2014','Objective: To study the different pupil shapes adopted by the different animal species.\r\nMaterial and methods: Review of the related literature, using PubMed database. The initial\r\nsearch strategy was pupil shape (limited to animals). The first volume of System of Ophthal-\r\nmology (Duke-Elder) and Evolution’s witness (I. Schwab) were also reviewed.\r\nResults: An optic illusion called pseudopupil is usually observed in the compound eyes of\r\ninsects. The pupil is circular in most vertebrates, however slit vertical pupils are present in\r\ncats and in some snake species. Vertical pupils could have a photoprotective function, as it\r\nmakes a more complete closure possible in photopic conditions, and helps to camouflage\r\nthe predator. It has also been hypothesised that it could help to correct chromatic aberration.\r\nRuminants are usually endowed with horizontal pupils. This shape could improve\r\nthe capacity of the eye to detect vertical silhouettes. Some marine animals have crescentshaped\r\npupils. In these animals, a superior operculum helps to protect the inferior retina\r\nfrom the great amount of light coming from above.\r\nConclusion: There is a surprising variability in pupil shape. Through this variability, nature\r\nhas fitted the eye to different circumstances. The theories proposed to explain this high\r\nvariability are discussed in detail in the article.','scientific paper','Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología','https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oftal.2014.04.005',NULL,NULL),(362,'Pupil shapes in terrestrial vertebrates MALMSTRÖM, KRÖGER 2006','Pupil shapes and lens optics in the eyes of terrestrial vertebrates','Tim Malmström and Ronald H. H. Kröger','2006','Animal eyes that are primarily used under low-light\r\nconditions usually have optical systems of short depth\r\nof focus, such that chromatic defocus may lead to\r\nconsiderable blurring of the images. In some vertebrates,\r\nthe problem is solved by multifocal lenses having\r\nconcentric zones of different focal lengths, each of which\r\nfocuses a different relevant spectral range onto the retina.\r\nA partially constricted circular pupil would shade the\r\nperipheral zones of the lens, leading to the loss of wellfocused\r\nimages at relevant wavelengths. The slit pupil,\r\nhowever, allows for use of the full diameter of the lens\r\neven in bright light. We studied species of terrestrial\r\nvertebrates from a variety of phylogenetic groups to\r\nestablish how widespread multifocal lenses are and how\r\npupil shapes are adapted to the optical systems. We found\r\nthat multifocal lenses are common from amphibians to\r\nmammals, including primates. Slit pupils were only\r\npresent in animals having multifocal optical systems.\r\nAmong the felids, small species have multifocal lenses and\r\nslit pupils, while large species have monofocal lenses and\r\nround pupils. The Eurasian lynx, a cat of intermediate\r\nsize, has an intermediate eye design. The functional\r\nsignificance of the absence of multifocal optical systems in\r\nlarge felids remains mysterious, because such systems\r\nare present in other large-eyed terrestrial vertebrates.\r\nMultifocal optical systems in nocturnal prosimians suggest\r\nthat those animals have colour vision despite being\r\ndescribed as cone monochromats.','scientific paper','The Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 18-25\r\nPublished by The Company of Biologists 2006','doi:10.1242/jeb.01959',NULL,NULL),(352,'Python sebae: Record size for male [...] in Florida, REED ET AL 2011','Python sebae: Record size for male specimen caught in Florida','RObeRt n. Reed, usgs fort collins science center, 2150 centre ave,\r\nBldg c, fort collins, colorado 80526, usa (e-mail: reedr@usgs.gov); denniS\r\nGiARdinA, florida fish and wildlife conservation commission, rookery\r\nBay Nerr, 300 Tower rd, Naples, florida 34113, usa; tOny peRnAS,\r\nNational Park service, florida/caribbean exotic Plant Management Team,\r\n18001 old cutler rd, suite 419, Palmetto Bay, florida 33157, usa; dAllAS\r\nhAZeltOn, JAne GRiffin dOZieR, JOSe pRietO, Miami-Dade county\r\nParks and recreation, 22200 sw137 ave, Miami, florida 33170, usa; RAy\r\nW. SnOW, everglades National Park, 40001 state road 9336, homestead,\r\nflorida 33034, usa; Kenneth l. KRySKO, florida Museum of Natural\r\nhistory, P.o. Box 117800, Dickinson hall, university of florida, gainesville,\r\nflorida 32611, usa.','2011',NULL,'article',NULL,'Herpetological Review 42(2), 2011',NULL,NULL),(300,'Pythonodipsas and Spalerosophis, Colubrid Snake Genera Convergent to the Vipers, MARX ET AL 1982','Pythonodipsas and Spalerosophis, Colubrid Snake Genera Convergent to the Vipers.','Marx, H., G. B. Rabb, and S. J. Arnold.','1982',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Copeia 1982:553-561.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(39,'Rattlesnakes [...], KLAUBER 1956','Rattlesnakes: Their Habits; Life Histories; and Influence on Mankind','Laurence Monroe Klauber','1956','','book','Zoological Society of San Diego','','PAPER MISSING',NULL),(191,'Rear-fanged snake venoms: an untapped source of novel compounds and potential drug leads, SAVIOLA ET AL 2014','Rear-fanged snake venoms: an untapped source of novel compounds and potential drug leads','Anthony J. Saviola, Marıa E. Peichoto, and Stephen P. Mackessy','2014','Animal venoms represent a diverse source of potentially valuable therapeutic compounds due to the high specificity and the potent biological activity of many toxins. Snake venom toxins, particularly disintegrins and proteases from viper venoms, have yielded therapeutics with anti-cancer and hemostatic dysfunction activities. However, venoms from rear-fanged ‘‘colubrid’’ snakes have rarely been analyzed from the perspective of potential lead compound development. Here, we discuss recent progress in the analysis of these venoms, focusing on several studies of specific venom components as well as transcriptomic and proteomic surveys. Currently available –omic technologies largely circumvent the problematic low venom yields of most rear-fanged snakes, and because their basic biology is often very different from the well-studied front-fanged snakes, there is great potential for novel compound discovery in their venoms.','scientific paper','Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.','http://informahealthcare.com/txr ISSN: 1556-9543 (print), 1556-9551 (electronic)',NULL,NULL),(160,'Recharacterization of Rhinophis dorsimaculatus, GOWER & WICKRAMASINGHE 2016','Recharacterization of Rhinophis dorsimaculatus Deraniyagala, 1941 (Serpentes: Uropeltidae), including description of new material','DAVID J. GOWER, L. J. MENDIS WICKRAMASINGHE','2016','The Sri Lankan uropeltid (shieldtail) snake Rhinophis dorsimaculatus Deraniyagala, 1941 was described originally from two specimens that were subsequently lost. The small amount of previously published data and lack of published colour photographs made this one of South Asia’s most poorly known snake species, and this resulted in at least one instance of taxonomic misidentification. An additional 10 specimens from a historical collection from the vicinity of the type locality recently came to light. This material is reviewed and documented and the species recharacterized. An additional locality for the species is reported. The newly reported material helps to corroborate the taxonomic validity and distinctiveness of Rhinophis dorsimaculatus. The species is readily distinguished from congeners by having 227 or more ventral scales; a large, dorsally carinate rostral shield; posterior margins of paired anals that are largely separated by the posteriormost ventral scale; and a distinctive colour pattern with bilaterally asymmetrical dark blotches within a broad, pale middorsal stripe and regularly punctate flanks.','scientific paper','Magnolia Press','Zootaxa 4158 (2): 203–212',NULL,NULL),(205,'Recognising Deadly Venomous Snakes from Harmless Snakes of Sri Lanka, WICKRAMASINGHE 2014','Recognising Deadly Venomous Snakes from Harmless Snakes of Sri Lanka','L.J. Mendis Wickramasinghe','2014','This book intends to provide the reader with a broad overview about snakes in Sri Lanka, with special emphasis on deadly poisonous snakes, and their identification.','book','Ceylon Tea Services PLS',NULL,NULL,NULL),(351,'Record Length [...] Python bivittatus in Florida, KRYSKO ET AL 2012','Record Length, Mass, and Clutch Size\r\nin the Nonindigenous Burmese Python,\r\nPython bivittatus Kuhl 1820\r\n(Squamata: Pythonidae), in Florida','Kenneth L. Krysko, Kristen M. Hart, Brian J. Smith, Thomas H. Selby, Michael S. Cherkiss, Nicholas T. Coutu1,\r\nRebecca M. Reichart, Leroy P. Nuñez, Frank J. Mazzotti, and Ray W. Snow','2012',NULL,'article','WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNAL','IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 19(4):267–270 • DEC 2012',NULL,NULL),(165,'Redescription of Leptophis cupreus, DE ALBUQUERQUE & MCDIARMID 2010','Redescription of Leptophis cupreus (Cope) (Serpentes, Colubridae), a rare South American colubrine snake','Nelson R. de Albuquerque, Roy W. McDiarmid','2010','Leptophis cupreus is redescribed on the basis of 18 specimens, including the holotype. The species is characterized by having a uniformly copper-colored dorsum, which distinguishes it from all other known species of Leptophis. We present photographs of the holotype and a living specimen of L. cupreus, describe and illustrate the everted hemipenis, and plot its known distribution.','scientific paper','Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo','Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, Volume 50 (23):375-384,2010',NULL,NULL),(228,'Redescription of the western desert taipan, Oxyuranus temporalis, BRENNAN ET AL 2012','Redescription of the western desert taipan, Oxyuranus temporalis (Serpentes: Elapidae), with notes on its distribution, diet and genetic variation','Karl E. C. Brennan, Terry Morley, Mark Hutchinson, Steve Donnellan','2012','Of the three species of taipan, Oxyuranus temporalis is the least known, being described only recently from a single juvenile specimen. We redescribe the species based on additional adult specimens from the Great Victoria Desert. Molecular genetic variation between the three localities from which the species is known was low, suggesting a single widespread population or recent radiation. Limited analysis of faecal material and gut contents suggested solely mammalian prey. The additional specimens suggest the possibility of a considerable distribution across sandy deserts of the central and western interior of Australia. Further studies and fieldwork are required to more accurately determine its geographic range, quantify the toxicity of the venom and assess the suitability of available antivenoms.','scientific paper','CSIRO PUBLISHING','Australian Journal of Zoology http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ZO11062','',NULL),(306,'Rediscovery of the Malagasy colubrid snake Alluaudina mocquardi, LANZA 1990','Rediscovery of the Malagasy colubrid snake Alluaudina mocquardi Angel 1939.','Lanza, B.','1990',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Tropical Zoology 3:219-223.','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(134,'Rediscovery of the Rare Autlán Long-Tailed Rattlesnake, Crotalus lannomi, REYES-VELASCO ET AL 2010','Rediscovery of the Rare Autlán Long-Tailed Rattlesnake, Crotalus lannomi','Jacobo Reyes-Velasco, Christoph I. Grünwald, Jason M. Jones, Ginny N. Weatherman','2010','Among Mexico’s diverse herpetofauna, the rattlesnakes (Crotalus and Sistrurus) have intrigued both herpetologists and non-herpetologists alike for centuries. One group of rattlesnakes, however, has remained especially enigmatic. The long-tailed rattlesnake group includes three rare species (C. stejnegeri, C. lannomi, and C. ericsmithi) and is represented in museum collections by fewer than 15 specimens, most of which are C. stejnegeri (Campbell and Flores-Villela 2008; Campbell and Lamar 2004). Their unique body structure and unusually long tails have raised numerous questions regarding their natural history and ancestry. The Autlán Long-tailed Rattlesnake, C. lannomi, has been known only from a single specimen, collected in June 1966 by Joseph R. Lannom, Jr. from “1.8 miles west of the pass: Puerto Los Mazos, Jalisco” (Tanner 1966). Despite numerous attempts to locate additional specimens (Campbell and Flores-Villela 2008; Campbell and Lamar 2004), none have been reported since the initial description. Since 2004, we have searched for rattlesnakes in the western foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental and associated ranges in Nayarit, Jalisco, and Colima. Over the course of several weeks in July 2008, five additional specimens of long-tailed rattlesnakes were found in the foothills of Colima, México. Based on features of lepidosis, this new material is referred to Crotalus lannomi. The snakes were found approximately 50 km SW of the type locality (Fig. 1). Herein, we provide detailed morphological descriptions of the new specimens, notes on natural history, comparisons with the other species of long-tailed rattlesnakes, and review the conservation status of the species.','unknown','Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles','Herpetological Review, 2010, 41(1), 19–25','PAPER MISSING',NULL),(186,'Report of a bite by t[...] Philodryas olfersii latirostris,PEICHOTO ET AL 2007','Report of a bite by the South American colubrid snake Philodryas olfersii latirostris (Squamata: Colubridae)','María Elisa Peichoto, Jorge Abel Céspedez, Juan Antonio Pascual','2007','Following the bite of Philodryas olfersii latirostris Cope, 1862, a 29-year-old male herpetologist developed localized and burning pain, and minimal bleeding from the puncture marks of posterior maxillary teeth, which subsided rapidly. The victim developed no other local signs or symptoms. After few days the victim presented persistent severe rotatory dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. On examination his hearing was normal. Neurological exam was otherwise normal. The patient had acute vertiginous symptoms but had no associated neurological signs. Computed tomography did not show abnormality. A diagnosis of labyrinthine syndrome was made. It was treated conservatively, and the patient recovered uneventfully. It was assumed as an effect of ophitoxemia. This case may be regarded as an unusual presentation of systemic envenoming following a human bite by Philodryas olfersii latirostris.','scientific paper','Acta Herpetologica ','2(1): 11-15, 2007',NULL,NULL),(220,'Reproduction of the [...] Lachesis muta rhombeata for the First Time in Captivity, SOUZA 2007','Reproduction of the Atlantic Bushmaster (Lachesis muta rhombeata) for the First Time in Captivity','Rodrigo C. G. de Souza','2007','Captive reproduction of Lachesis muta muta was achieved in the ’80s at the Dallas Zoo (Boyer et al., 1989). Ripa (1994) published an account of the reproduction of the Central American species Lachesis stenophrys and Lachesis melanocephala. In this paper we present our experience in the reproduction of Atlantic bushmasters in captivity for the first time, involving parental (male and female) DNA from two (maybe three) different couples.','article','Serra Grande Grande Center for Lachesis muta Breeding','Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 42(3):41-43, 2007',NULL,NULL),(187,'Reproduction, seasonal activity and growth of [...] Micrurus corallinus, MARQUEZ 1996','Reproduction, seasonal activity and growth of the coral snake, Micrurus corallinus (Elapidae), in the southeastern Atlantic forest in Brazil','Otavio A. V. Marques','1996','The fossorial coral snakes of the genus Micrurus comprise 53 species (Campbell and Lamar, 1989), These snakes are essentially a Neotropical radiation of the cosmopolitan front-fanged family Elapidae (Cadle and Sarich, 1981). Investigations by Quinn (1979) and Jackson and Franz (1981) of Micrurus fulvius from the southeastern United Stated are the main studies on the reproductive ecology of Micrurus. For neotropical species, reproductive data are meager (e.g. Duellman, 1978, Solorzano and Cerdas, 1988). Apart from scattered and anecdotal reports on reproduction (Azevedo, 1960, 1961), Amaral, 1978; Pontes and Di-Bernardo, 1988) amost nothing has been published on the reproductive ecology of snakes from the Atlantic forest in Brazil, especially for Micururus. The present study provides information on seasonal reproductive timing, clutch size, neonate size, inferred growth rates and ages at sexual maturity and seasonal surface activity of the coral snake, Micrurus corallinus from a tropical region in Brazil.','unknown','Amphibia-Reptilia','17:277-285',NULL,NULL),(188,'Reproductive Ecology of [...] Bothrops insularis, MARQUES ET AL 2013','Reproductive Ecology of the Threatened Pitviper Bothrops insularis from Queimada Grande Island, Southeast Brazil','Otavio A. V. Marques , Karina Kasperoviczus, and Selma M. Almeida-Santos','2013','The Golden Lancehead (Bothrops insularis) is a critically endangered snake endemic to the Queimada Grande Island in southeastern Brazil. Here, we provide data on reproductive biology of B. insularis obtained in the field and from preserved museum specimens and compare our results with its mainland relative Bothrops jararaca. Similar to other Bothrops species, females of B. insularis attained larger body sizes than males, but the sexual size dimorphism (SSD) value is much lower than in B. jararaca. The seasonal timing of reproduction of B. insularis is similar to mainland B. jaracaca as well as other species of the genus Bothrops. Courtship observed in nature takes place in autumn and early winter (March to July); vitellogenesis occurs from summer to spring (March to December); ovulation and fertilization occur in early spring (September); embryonic development takes place in middle spring and summer (October to April); and recruitment of newborns is restricted to the summer (February andMarch). Both offspring size and offspring mass of B. insularis are similar to that observed in B. jararaca, but B. insularis produces a high frequency of atretic follicles. Apparently B. insularis has a lower reproductive frequency than B. jararaca, which is highly variable from year to year. The distinct reproductive traits of B. insularis (compared to B. jararaca) seem to be related to the ecological conditions of its insular environment, which may eventually be considered for the conservation management of this threatened species.','scientific paper','The Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles','Journal of Herpetology, 47(3):393-399. 2013',NULL,NULL),(206,'Reptiles & Amphibians of Kirindy, ANONYMOUS 2009','Reptiles & Amphibians of Kirindy','Anonymous (Tropical Biology Association)','2009','Kirindy Forest is a dry deciduous forest covering about 12,000 ha and is managed by the Centre National de Formation, dʹEtudes et de Recherche en Environnement et Foresterie (CNFEREF). Dry deciduous forests are among the world’s most threatened ecosystems, and in Madagascar they have been reduced to 3 per cent of their original extent. Located in Central Menabe, Kirindy forms part of a conservation priority area and contains several locally endemic animal and plant species. Kirindy supports seven species of lemur and Madagascarʹs largest predator, the fossa. Kirindy’s plants are equally notable and include two species of baobab, as well as the Malagasy endemic hazomalany tree (Hazomalania voyroni). Ninety‐nine per cent of Madagascar’s known amphibians and 95% of Madagascar’s reptiles are endemic. Kirindy Forest has around 50 species of reptiles, including 7 species of chameleons and 11 species of snakes. This guide describes the common amphibians and reptiles that you are likely to see during your stay in Kirindy forest and gives some field notes to help towards their identification. The guide is specifically for use on TBA’s educational courses and not for commercial purposes. This guide would not have been possible without the photos and expertise of Marius Burger.','book','Tropical Biology Association','','',NULL),(99,'Reptiles and Amphibians of Great Basin National Park and Vicinity, HAMILTON 2004','Reptiles and Amphibians of Great Basin National Park and Vicinity','Bryan Hamilton','2004','','book','Great Basin National Park Resource Management','Great Basin National Park Resource Management','',NULL),(161,'Reptiles and Amphibians –  The clearest recognition guide available, O\'SHEA & HALLIDAY 2010','Reptiles and Amphibians –  The clearest recognition guide available','Mark O\'Shea,Tim Halliday','2010','','book','Dorling Kindersley (first publication 2001)','','',NULL),(207,'Reptiles in the National Hunting Grounds of Mafra (Portugal, West Coast), ANONYMOUS 0000','Reptiles in the National Hunting Grounds of Mafra (Portugal, West Coast)','Anonymous','0000','','book','Tapada Nacional de Mafra','','',NULL),(343,'Reptiles nouveaux ou insuffisamment connus de Madagascar, MOCQUARD 1894','Reptiles nouveaux ou insuffisamment connus de Madagascar, MOCQUARD 1894','Mocquard, F.','1894',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'C. R. sommaire Séances Soc. philomath. Paris17: 1-10','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(213,'Reptiles of Ohio Field Guide, ANONYMOUS 0000','Reptiles of Ohio Field Guide','Anonymous','0000','Reptiles have long fascinated people. In recent years, biologists have recognized that the class Reptilia should actually include all of the birds, if it is to include all descendents of a particular ancestral form. This is because crocodiles and alligators are more closely related to birds than to lizards. While this makes sense from a scientific standpoint, in common English usage, the term reptile is still reserved for the alligators and crocodiles (crocodilians), turtles, tortoises, lizards, snakes, and the tuatara, a lizard-like animal found only on several tiny islands off the coast of New Zealand. It is not a lizard, but rather the last representative of a group of reptiles that flourished about 200 million years ago. Ohio’s wealth of natural resources includes some 47 types of reptiles. As with so many of our wild species, the demands we have placed upon the land have greatly reduced their numbers. All of us must keep in mind that being good stewards of the land requires that we take care of not just some, but all of our natural resources – even the box turtle lumbering across the highway and the harmless garter snake in the backyard.','book','Division of Wildlife',NULL,NULL,NULL),(116,'Response to Jackson et al. (2012), EINSTEIN ET AL 2012','Response to Jackson et al. (2012)','Weinstein, S.A., et al.,','2012','We note the response of Jackson et al. (2012) to our collective replies (Toxicon 60, 954–963 and 60, 964–966) to their paper entitled, “The structural and functional diversification of the Toxicofera reptile venom system”, Fry, B.G., Casewell, N.R., Wüster, W., Vidal, N., Young, B., Jackson, N.W.J. 2012; Toxicon 60, 434–448. Although their response contains numerous misinterpretations of our comments, as well as further speculation, we are only addressing a few select points that were germane to our reply to their criticisms of the terminology used in our book (Weinstein et al., 2011). Further opinionated debate on this subject can interminably clutter future issues of Toxicon with our respective interpretations without a mutually agreeable resolution. Therefore, our final comments are restricted only to the important issues, and this necessarily truncated response should not imply agreement with other comments made by Jackson et al. (2012), because as stated above, it is not desirable to perpetuate ongoing, lengthy debates without probable resolution','scientific paper','Weinstein, S.A., et al.','Toxicon (2012), http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.11.005','NOCH IMPORTIEREN colubrid toxicity discussion',NULL),(331,'Revision du genre Madagascarophis, DOMERGUE 1987','Notes sur les serpents de la region malgache. 7. Revision du genre Madagascarophis Mertens 1952.','Domergue C A','1987',NULL,'scientific paper',NULL,'Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. nat., Paris 9 (2) : 455-489','paper missing','batchimport 2018-11-02, TABLE fangpos_1of2_2018-11-02'),(166,'Revision of the genus Atractus in Surinam, HOOGMOED 1980','REVISION OF THE GENUS ATRACTUS IN SURINAM, WITH THE RESURRECTION OF TWO SPECIES (COLUBRIDAE, REPTILIA)','M. S. Hoogmoed','1980','A re-examination of old specimens of the genus Atractus, preserved in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie resulted in the discovery of syntypes of Brachyorrhos badius F. Boie, B. flammigerus F. Boie, B. schach F. Boie and Rabdosoma torquatus Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril. Lectotypes for all these species are designated. B. flammigerus and B. schach have been considered synonyms of Atractus badius since 1837. This proved to be wrong, they turned out to be valid taxa exhibiting differences in scale counts, body size, hemipenial morphology and colour pattern. Among recently collected material from Surinam the recently described A. zidoki Gasc & Rodrigues was discovered and described on the basis of seven specimens. Both A. latifrons (Günther) and A. favae (Filippi) are reported for the first time from Surinam. Including A. elaps (Günther) the total number of species now known from Surinam is eight. Data gathered in Surinam indicate that the existence of many localised forms in Atractus is real and that under the name A. badius probably several other taxa are hiding. A revision of the entire genus is badly needed.','scientific paper','Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden','Zoologische Verhandelingen ','',NULL),(262,'revision of the [...] Naja haje species complex, with the description of a new species, TRAPE ET AL 2009','Phylogeography and systematic revision of the Egyptian cobra (Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja haje) species complex, with the description of a new species from West Africa','JEAN-FRANÇOIS TRAPE , LAURENT CHIRIO , DONALD G. BROADLEY  & WOLFGANG WÜSTER','2009','We use a combination of phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA sequences and multivariate morphometrics to investigate the phylogeography and systematics of the Egyptian cobra (Naja haje) species complex. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial haplotypes reveals a highly distinct clade of haplotypes from the Sudano–Sahelian savanna belt of West Africa, and that the haplotypes of Naja haje arabica form the sister group of North and East African N. h. haje. Multivariate morphometrics confirm the distinctness of the Arabian populations, which are consequently recognised as a full species, Naja arabica Scortecci. The Sudano-Sahelian populations are also found to represent a morphologically distinct taxon, and thus a separate species, which we describe as Naja senegalensis sp. nov. The new species differs from all other members of the N. haje complex by a combination of colour pattern and scalation characteristics (especially higher numbers of scale rows around the neck), and the possession of a unique clade of mtDNA haplotypes. The distribution of the new species includes savanna areas of West Africa, from Senegal to western Niger and Nigeria.','scientific paper','© Magnolia Press','Zootaxa 2236: 1–25 (2009); ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition); ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)',NULL,NULL),(172,'Rhinophis goweri — A new species [...] from the Southeastern Ghats, India, AENGALS & GANESH 2013','Rhinophis goweri  — A NEW SPECIES OF SHIELDTAIL SNAKEFROM THE SOUTHERN EASTERN GHATS, INDIA','R. Aengals and S. R. Ganesh','2013','Rhinophis goweri sp. nov. — a new species of uropeltid snake is described from Bodamalai hills, Eastern Ghats,southern India. This discovery is the first record Rhinophis in the Eastern Ghats and is also the first new Indianuropeltid species described for nearly a century. The new species differs from the 15 Indian and Sri Lankan conge-ners by having the following combination of characters: midbody scale rows 17 (vs. 15 in R. sanguineus ); caudaldisc as long as or longer than shielded part of head (vs. shorter in R. blythi , R. erangaviraji , R. drummondhayi );rostral not more than half as long as shielded part of head (vs. more in R. punctatus , R. porrectus , R. oxyrhynchus ,  R. dorsimaculatus ); venter and outermost scalerows without large spots (vs. venter with large zigzag spots in R. fergusonianus ; outermost scalerows with large spots in R. homoplepis ); ventral scales 215 (vs. <146 in R.travancoricus ; 170 in R. tricoloratus ; <182 in R. philippinus ); dorsum uniform and unpatterned (vs. with zigzagmarkings in R. zigzag  ; longitudinal stripes in R. lineatus ).','scientific paper','Russian Journal of Herpetology','Vol. 20, No. 1, 2013, pp. 61 – 6',NULL,NULL),(162,'Ruhestellung von Pareas nuchalis und Erstnachweis [...] im Nationalpark Mount Kinabalu/Malaysia, MALKMUS & SAUER 1996','Ruhestellung von Pareas nuchalis und Erstnachweis dieser Art im Nationalpark Mount Kinabalu/Malaysia','RUDOLF MALKMUS & HORST SAUER','1996','Resting position of Pareas nuchalis and first record of the species on Mount Kinabalu. Pareas nuchalis could be observed in a bamboo forest on the south-eastern slopes of Mt. Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysia. lt is the first record in the National Park and the highest known localitiy of its distribution (850 m above sea level). In a terrarium, three types of hiding places werde offered: earth holes, stone holes, and bamboo internodes. The snake significantly preferred the latter. The resting position is described.','scientific paper','','Salamandra 32(1):55-58','',NULL),(177,'Schlangen der Welt: Lebensraum, Biologie, Haltung, MERTENS 1993','Schlangen der Welt: Lebensraum, Biologie, Haltung','John M. Mehrtens','1993','','book','Franckh-Kosmos','','PAPER MISSING',NULL),(92,'Schlangenkunde, LENZ 1832','Schlangenkunde - Mit 29 Abbildungen','Lenz, Harald Othmar','1832','','book','Beckersche Buchhandlung','','NICHT IMPORTIEREN Sehr altes Buch, mehr eine Anekdotensammlung in gotischer Schrift',NULL),(29,'Sea snakes of New Caledonia, INEICH & LABOUTE 2002','Sea snakes of New Caledonia','Ivan Ineich, Pierre Laboute','2002','Very few books have been published on sea snakes, and even fewer that focus on sea snakes in specifie parts of the world. This book will therefore be applauded by anyone interested in these fascinating reptiles and in beautiful faraway New Caledonia. Inquisitive amateur or expert herpetologists, zoology students or biochemists interested in sea snake venom should have their information requirements fulfilled. The book also includes an updated taxonomie classification of sea snakes, an analysis of their origins, a description of their ecological and morphological traits and of their amazing adaptations to marine life. In short, this handbook is clear and weil designed, with a fascinating discussion of the topie. Possibly the most outstanding aspect of this book is the refined and a ecura te description of the 14 sea snake species of New Caledonia. The authors have highlighted common inter- and intra-species traits, thus facilitating accurate sea snake identification and providing a framework for further discussion and research on this theme. Ivan Ineich and Pierre Laboute have embellished their text with beautiful photographs that underline the extraordinary richness associated with some 50 sea snake species dispersed worldwide. What better way to foster interest in these animais. This book will be highly useful for anyone seeking illustrated scientific information on sea snakes, especially those found in the New Caledonian region.','book','IRD Éditions/Muséum national d\'histoire naturelle','ISSN : 1286-4994; ISBN IRD : 2-7099-1492-1; ISBN MNHN : 2-85653-540-2','NOCH IMPORTIEREN: Reproduction, egg size',NULL),(245,'Sea snakes [...] in Vietnam: a comprehensive checklist, RASMUSSEN ET AL 2011','Sea snakes (Serpentes: subfamilies Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae) in Vietnam: a comprehensive checklist and an updated identification key','Arne Redsted Rasmussen, Johan Elmberg, Peter Gravlund, Ivan Ineich','2011','Sea snakes (Elapidae, subfamilies Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae) reach a very high species richness in Southeast Asia, but most countries in the region still lack comprehensive and up-to-date identification tools for these snakes. We present an updated checklist of sea snakes in Vietnam. We also provide diagnostic characters for all species and a new complete identification key, chiefly based on easy-to-use external characters. The checklist and key cover the 25 species documented from Vietnam, as well as three likely future additions to its sea snake fauna. By surveying incoming fishing vessels between Nha Trang and the mouth of Mekong River in 2000–2001, we were able to document two species new for Vietnamese waters: Hydrophis belcheri and H. pachycercos. Through these surveys we also secured four specimens of the rare endemic species H. parviceps, formerly known only from two specimens. A comprehensive bibliography of the literature treating sea snakes in Vietnamese waters is provided.','scientific paper','Magnolia Press','Zootaxa 2894: 1–20 (2011), ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition), ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)',NULL,NULL),(31,'Sea Snakes, HEATWOLE 1999','Sea Snakes','Harold Heatwole','1999','','book','','','',NULL),